The Creek War (1813–1814) was not only a brutal civil war within the Creek Nation but also part of a broader international struggle tied to the War of 1812. It ended with America’s victory, a watershed moment that expanded white settlement into Creek territories and influenced the course of the larger war with Great Britain.Following the American Revolution, tensions had grown between settlers in Georgia and the Creek Nation over contested lands and cultural assimilation. Divisions within the Creek Nation deepened, with the Lower Creeks, many of whom aligned with U.S. policies, opposing the Red Sticks, who resisted white encroachment and sought to restore Indigenous traditions and autonomy. These divisions set the stage for a violent conflict that engulfed the Creek homeland, stretching across Georgia, Alabama, and the Mississippi Territory. The Creek War’s pivotal moments included the Fort Mims Massacre, which shocked U.S. settlers and government officials alike, and Andrew Jackson's decisive victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814. Jackson's campaigns, supported by allied Choctaws, Cherokees, and friendly Creeks, decimated Red Stick forces and led to the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which forced the Creek Nation to cede millions of acres, paving the way for further expansion—and eventual tragedy—with the Indian Removal Act in the 1830s.This illustrated book chronicles the war’s key battles, from the massacre at Fort Mims to the decisive Battle of Horseshoe Bend. It examines the roles of volunteer militias, U.S. Army regulars, and allied Indigenous forces, highlighting their triumphs and struggles as they contended with harsh terrain, logistical challenges, and short enlistments.

While most of the fighting of the War of 1812 raged along the Canadian border, the Gulf of Mexico eventually emerged as a critical battleground. The struggle for control of the Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans became a high-stakes contest, with both the United States and Great Britain recognizing the region’s strategic and economic importance. The Mississippi was the main artery for trade and communication in the trans-Appalachian west, and New Orleans, positioned at the river’s mouth, was vital for controlling the region’s commerce. For Britain, capturing the city would not only cripple the American economy but also provide a bargaining tool during peace negotiations. For the United States, safeguarding New Orleans was essential to securing its western territories and preventing foreign powers from gaining a foothold on its southern frontier.The fighting in the Gulf Theater also reflected broader geopolitical tensions. Spain’s declining hold on Florida and Louisiana complicated the region’s dynamics, as did Britain’s support for Native American resistance to U.S. expansion. The Creeks and other southeastern tribes were drawn into the conflict, with devastating consequences for their communities.The campaigns in the Gulf culminated in the battle of New Orleans, where Andrew Jackson’s forces decisively repelled a British invasion. Although the battle occurred after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, it cemented U.S. control over the region and boosted national confidence in the war’s aftermath.This illustrated volume examines key episodes in the theater including the battles of Fort Bowyer, the capture of Pensacola, the fighting at New Orleans and the battle of Fort St. Philip, and situates these events within the broader context of U.S. territorial ambitions and Native American resistance.

The German procurement process resulted in a wide range of gun-armed armored vehicles—assault guns, tank destroyers and self-propeled artillery—mounting both German and captured guns. Some were developed from existing German chassis; many employed captured enemy vehicles or were built in the factories of the countries they had conquered.Originally designed as infantry support vehicles, the Sturmgeschütz arm was controlled by the artillery but ended the war having knocked out more enemy tanks than the Panzers. Mainly built on the chassis of the PzKpfw III, particularly after it became obsolete, the StuGs proved durable and effective in infantry support and, when upgunned and even without a turret, as tank killers.The Germans produced a range of vehicles to fend off enemy armor. They mounted increasingly larger guns on any chassis they could lay their hands on, often captured vehicles—the Marder series on French or Czech chassis. There was also the Jagdpanzer range, better protected with an armored casemate providing overhead armor, based on tank chassis. Heavier Jagdpanzer were produced as the war continued the Hornisse/Nashorn (but without overhead protection), the Ferdinand/Elefant and the Jagdpanther armed with 8.8cm weapons. A few of the massive 12.8cm-armed Jagdtiger appeared before war’s end.Blitzkrieg showed that the Panzer divisions needed mobile artillery support, so the Germans mounted artillery weapons on tracked chassis: first PzKpfw Is and IIs and then PzKpfw IIIs and 38(t)s. The best known are the Wespe (on the PzKpfw II), the Grille (on the PzKpfw 38(t)), the Hummel (on the Geschützwagen III/IV), and the Sturmpanzer (on the PzKpfw IV).While some of the crew duties on these vehicles were similar to those of the Panzertruppen, they were completely different vehicles to fight in and fight with: strategically, operationally, tactically and logistically. This fully illustrated book tells the story of the soldiers who crewed these vehicles.

The War of 1812 was born out of longstanding tensions between the United States and Great Britain. Centered on maritime disputes, the war arose from British policies that disregarded U.S. sovereignty, including the impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy and restrictions on American trade. These provocations, coupled with British support for Native American resistance on the western frontier, led President James Madison to advocate for military action.The book explores the United States' ambitious yet flawed strategy of 1812 to invade Canada as a means to counter British aggression. Despite initial optimism, the U.

The War of 1812 reached a fever pitch along the American border with Canada during the fighting season of 1814. After eighteen months of war, victory over Great Britain remained an elusive goal for the United States;American attempts to conquer Canada had failed, and Britain had not budged on its assertion that it had the right to impress U.S. sailors of British birth. In the South, fighting with the Red Stick Creeks smoldered, while on the Atlantic seaboard the Royal Navy had tightened its blockade and begun raiding villages and plantations on Chesapeake Bay with impunity. While the United States improved the quality of its armed forces and leadership, flawed strategies and resource shortages hindered its campaign to seize Upper and Lower Canada. Meanwhile, with war in Europe finally over, the British were working to transfer numbers of experienced soldiers and sailors to join the struggle against the United States. Following the battles and campaigns of the year—including the clashes at Chippewa and Lundy’s Lane, the siege of Fort Erie, and at Plattsburgh—the United States controlled only a small portion of Upper Canada across from Detroit. Great Britain occupied eastern Maine, Fort Niagara, Fort Mackinac, and the upper Mississippi Valley. The stunning and unlikely victory at Plattsburgh maintained Lake Champlain as a U.

In early 1813, Britain launched a campaign on the Chesapeake Bay to try and divert American regulars from the Canadian border and put pressure on the United States to come to terms. Wishing to keep the Regular Army on the northern front, Secretary of War John Armstrong chose to rely on local forces and state militias to protect the Chesapeake Bay region, believing British raids posed more of a distraction than a serious threat. This defensive approach meant that towns, ports, and even the nation’s capital were left vulnerable to attack, and the responsibility for protection largely fell to less experienced, hastily organized militia units. While American forces successfully defended Craney Island near Norfolk, staving off British occupation, British forces routed an American force at Bladenburg, opening the path to Washington, where they set fire to public buildings, including the White House and the Capitol. This symbolic victory was followed by the Battle of North Point and the defense of Fort McHenry, where Americans managed to turn back British forces in Baltimore. Although the British raid on Washington was a symbolic coup, it did not disrupt the U.S. government or significantly affect the war. The failed attempt to capture Baltimore, combined with a decisive American victory at Plattsburgh, New York, underscored American resilience and contributed to Britain’s decision to end the war without any territorial concessions.Illustrated with photographs and maps, The U.S. Army in the Chesapeake Campaign 1813–14 examines this campaign’s key engagements.

During the Polish campaign, SS combat units were seconded to various formations of the Heer. Still considered more parade troops than frontline soldiers, they did not prove a decisive factor in the fighting, but the campaign was important for their transformation into real fighting units. They were criticized for their losses, and the officers were blamed, being considered poorly and inadequately trained. The SS officers in turn accused Heer commanders for sacrificing SS troops in suicidal missions. Himmler became convinced that if his units were used autonomously they could have better demonstrated their full potential, leading him to push for the SS to be considered a separate fighting force.Fully illustrated, this Casemate Illustrated describes the actions of the SS units that fought on the front line in Poland, primarily the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, the SS-Verfügungstruppen and the SS-Heimwehr-Danzig.

America had gone to war in June 1812 confident that the conquest of Canada would be swift and decisive. However, ill-prepared and hindered by inexperienced leaders, untrained troops, and a lack of resources, the United States quickly found itself on the defensive, suffering major setbacks at Detroit, Queenston, and the River Raisin. By the end of the year, British and Canadian forces stood firm, and some American-held territories had even fallen to the British. Recognizing the need for significant change, President James Madison’s administration took steps to reform the army and improve recruitment, pay, and supply logistics. In an important shift, the U.S. Navy bolstered its role by appointing Captain Isaac Chauncey to build a fleet on the Great Lakes.Chauncey’s efforts set off a naval arms race that became crucial to American operations in the Northwest. Meanwhile, Congress expanded the army, adding new regiments, reorganizing recruitment, and improving pay. Unfortunately the desperate need for troops on the front line mean that companies were marched off as soon as assembled and a regiment therefore rarely had all its companies assembled.American forces launched multiple operations in the Canadian theater in 1813, including the raid on York, the capture of Fort George, defensive battles in the Northwest, naval battles on Lake Ontario and the failed Montreal advance but these engagements provided only limited gains. Strategic errors, supply issues, and weak leadership undercut potential victories, leaving the war’s outcome uncertain.This illustrated history provides a clear account of the 1813 campaign, examining key battles, strategic shifts, and the efforts to strengthen American forces amid ongoing setbacks. Despite limited progress, the trials of 1813 allowed Madison to identify rising officers like Brown and Scott, who would bring hard-won experience to the coming year’s campaigns.

Some of the most daring naval raids undertaken during World War II involved the use of midget submarines — craft of under 150 tons and crewed by just a handful of men — including Japanese midget submarines deployed at Pearl Harbor, the British X-craft attack on the Tirpitz in a Norwegian fjord protected by layers of antisubmarine defenses, an Italian Maiale attaching limpet mines to the HMS Valiant, and German craft attacking Allied shipping off landing beaches.This Casemate Illustrated Special features all classes of midget subs and human torpedoes designed and used during World War II, and explores how they were used, featuring firsthand accounts from the men who operated these tiny craft. It will also feature the recovery of various wrecks of German, British, Japanese, and Italian midget submarines, including the search for the midget submarines sunk at Pearl Harbor in 1941. The final chapter will feature the restoration, testing and successful operation of a German Biber midget submarine.The expert text will be accompanied by both period photographs and exterior and interior images of the many midget submarines preserved in museums to this day.

During the first decade of the 20th century, France led the way in aircraft design and achievements. After the outbreak of World War I, France produced trailblazing designs early – the Morane Saulnier monoplanes, Nieuport fighters, and then the Spads – clearly leading the way in terms of trends in aviation. Although the Fokker Eindeckers were the first 'point and shoot' aircraft, the Nieuport 11, while lacking interrupter gear, was the first maneuverable and cleanly designed fighter that featured ailerons and responsive controls on all axes. The Nieuports were so successful that Germany co-opted the sesquiplane with their Albatros line of fighters. The Spad VII was the first Allied fighter to employ an inline engine, and by extension influenced the design path of the S.E.5a and the Dolphin.French construction methodology was eclectic – the Nieuports were straightforward in their construction, as were the British, but the Spad was a labour-intensive yet rugged and finely built aircraft – requiring many different skill sets to produce. Moreover, Spads were built under license by many companies in France as well as in Britain. Finally, French engines were in demand for not only their own aircraft, but for much of the British aviation industry as well. This fully illustrated book complements the author’s titles on the German and French fighter aircraft.

The week-long Allied bombing campaign against Hamburg in late July 1943 was not only hugely destructive but also had a significant impact on the German night fighter arm. From now on, the “boxes” of Kammhuber’s “Raumnachtjagd” would be the starting point from which fighters would be led into the bomber stream as early as possible, a tactic dubbed “Zahme Sau.” The night fighters had to quickly adopt new “freelance” procedures, and also found themselves increasingly engaged in daylight operations. These actions resulted in heavy losses—especially of experienced aces—which the Nachtjagd could ill afford and struggled to replace.The winter of 1943/44 saw a series of huge raids on Berlin. Although hard pressed, the Nachtjagd aces were still able to score some heavy tactical victories. Over a thousand RAF “Viermots” were shot down—more than double the expected losses—before the campaign was cut short. New night fighter aces emerged, often former transport and reconnaissance pilots, and the upward firing armament of the Bf 110s and Ju 88s could cut swathes through the “stream.” However, by mid-1944, as the Allies advanced, the night fighter aces were forced into new roles, including ground-strafing armor and troop concentrations, a role for which they were clearly unsuited. A small number of Me 262 jets were deployed in a new NJG 11, but exclusively committed against the rapid twin-engined Mosquitos of the RAF’s Light Night Striking Force. Heinkel He 219s were never available in significant numbers and prowling Mosquito intruders were an ever-present danger to Nachtjagd crews.While the surviving night fighter aces continued their defensive actions virtually every night, by March 1945 the Nachtjagd was in terminal decline. Of the 1,100 night fighter pilots and crew who claimed at least one victory, some 669 were lost, a casualty rate of around 74 percent.Fully illustrated and featuring newly translated personal accounts, this is a chronological account of the Luftwaffe night fighters in the second part of the war, covering major campaigns, the biographies of individual aces, and the details of their aircraft.

A full account of the Wilderness to the James River, including Grant's rise to high command, the condition of the armies going into the critical 1864 campaign, a deep look at the commanders on both sides, and the strategy of the campaign from both perspectives. The study is combat, strategy, and tactics from the first day of action until the last, when Grant—unable to capture Richmond, but now south and east of the capital—builds a long bridge and crosses the James River to attack Petersburg. Illustrated by photographs and excellent maps, it will conclude with a note about visiting the battlefields, the casualties, the treatment of wounded, and the burial of the dead.

From the closing days of the Revolutionary War in 1783 to the beginning of the War of 1812, the United States Army faced one of its most challenging periods. During this era, American soldiers confronted threats from Great Britain, France, and Spain. On the western frontier, hostile warriors from American Indian nations battled U. S. Army and militia troops north of the Ohio River, as white settlers’ insatiable demands for land provoked conflict with Indian communities. The Army suppressed civil unrest, built roads, and conducted explorations, including the transcontinental expedition led by Army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The post-revolutionary years also saw the Army in a process of frequent reorganization, from the disbanding of the Continental Army at the end of the Revolutionary War to the establishment of Maj. Gen. Anthony Wayne’s Legion of the United States, followed by President Thomas Jefferson’s efforts at reforming the Army into a Republican institution. These structural changes increased during James Madison’s first presidential term, as Americans prepared for war with Great Britain over maritime rights, free trade, and territorial expansion in a conflict that became known as the War of 1812.Illustrated with photographs, artwork and maps, this explains how the United States’ Army was transformed in its first four decades.

By October 1943, the German 17th Army had been forced to retreat from the Kuban bridgehead across the Kerch Strait to Crimea. During the following months, the Red Army pushed back the German forces in the southern Ukraine. In November 1943, they eventually cut off the land-based connection of 17th Army through the Perekop Isthmus. Hitler prohibited a sea evacuation of 17th Army because he thought the Red Army could use the Crimean Peninsula to launch air attacks against Romanian oil refineries.In November 1943, the Russian launched a massive amphibious assault at two locations on the eastern coast of the Crimea, but its units were unable to prevent an Axis counterattack that collapsed the southern bridgehead. The Red Army held the bridgehead at Yenikale, from which they launched further offensive operations, culminating in a huge offensive in April 1944.Although the 17th Army bitterly contested every bit of ground, it was unable to stop the advance. Soviet forces reached Kerch on April 11, forcing the 17th Army to retreat towards Sevastopol. The remaining Axis forces in the Crimea were concentrating around the city by the end of the third week of April.The Germans intended to hold Sevastopol as a fortress, as the Russians had done between 1941 and 1942. However, the fortifications of the city had not been restored and the city fell on 9 May.From mid-April, Romanian and German ships undertook a huge and complex evacuation operation. The last phase of the evacuation, following the fall of Sevastopol, saw 37,000 troops transported under constant attacks from Soviet aircraft and shore artillery. Overall around 57,000 men were lost during the evacuation.Fully illustrated with rare and unpublished photos, this is a detailed account of the dogged attempt to retake the Crimea in 1943–44.

The summer of 1863 started off disastrously for the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater. In early May, Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia defeated and humiliated Major General Joseph Hooker’s army at the Battle of Chancellorsville. While both armies reorganized in the wake of Chancellorsville’s massive losses, Lee then maintained the initiative and launched an invasion of Pennsylvania. Throughout June, Lee’s army advanced deeper into Pennsylvania and Northern efforts to stop his progress were ineffective until Major General George Meade replaced Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac. On July 1, 1863, Meade and Lee’s large armies collided outside of the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The stakes were never higher for either army as the newly promoted Meade defended Northern soil, while General Lee risked everything by taking the war into enemy territory.The first day of the Battle of Gettysburg is often overshadowed by fighting on the following days, but July 1 was one of the bloodiest single engagements of the entire Civil War. Many of the decisions leading to and through Gettysburg’s first day remain steeped in controversy. Did Meade intend to fight on the Pipe Creek line in Maryland until subordinates such as Major General John Reynolds forced the engagement at Gettysburg? Did the absence of J. E. B. Stuart’s cavalry really leave Lee “blind” to his opponent’s movements? Was Lee’s desire to avoid a general engagement ignored by his own officers? With neither commanding general on the battlefield for much of the day, crucial decisions remained in the hands of subordinates such as John Buford, John Reynolds, A. P. Hill, Richard Ewell, and Oliver Howard.This Casemate Illustrated volume sets the stage for the Civil War’s greatest battle and covers the heroism, decisions, and mistakes made on the first day at Gettysburg.

At the beginning of 1943, the German armed forces were in crisis on the southern front in Russia. The Soviets had launched a series of offensives from November 1942 that pushed the Germans back hundreds of kilometers. The Germans had no more significant reserves available, and enormous breaches had opened between defensive lines. In early January 1943, the Soviets attacked again, with the aim of reconquering the industrial city of Kharkov and destroying the remaining German and Axis troops in southern Ukraine, including the 4. Panzerarmee, 1. Panzerarmee, Armeeabteilung Hollidt and Armeeabteilung Fretter‐Pico.After the encirclement of 6. Armee at Stalingrad and the destruction of the Axis forces there, the loss of these four armies would certainly have led to German defeat on the Eastern Front. Believing victory was near, Stalin and his generals decided to launch their new offensives even before the garrison of Stalingrad surrendered. The main effort fell on Army Group Don, newly formed and with little forces available. Facing a massive offensive, Commander Erich von Manstein was ordered to hold the city at any cost, risking the destruction of two divisions of the Waffen‐SS and the “Grossdeutschland” army division. SS Panzer Corps commander Paul Hausser disobeyed Hitler’s order and ordered the retreat from Kharkov, saving the two SS divisions. This meant that Manstein had at his disposal forces needed to launch his counteroffensive.The subsequent battles for Kharkov saw the three divisions of the Waffen‐SS—Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, Das Reich and Totenkopf— fighting together for the first time. In the first phase of the offensive, the SS Das Reich and Totenkopf marched 100 kilometers south of Kharkov, blocking the Soviet army from capturing the bridges over the Dnieper River, while the Leibstandarte successfully defended the corps supply base in Krasnograd. After protecting the bridges over the Dnepr, the Das Reich and Totenkopf units headed north and regained control of the vital railway network south of Kharkov. The Soviet 3rd Tank Army was forced to abandon its attack against Krasnograd to regroup south of Kharkov and protect the city from Hausser’s divisions. At that point the Leibstandarte joined the other divisions of the corps SS to eliminate Soviet forces and recapture Kharkov. With its reconquest, Southern Ukraine returned firmly under German control.This is a fully illustrated account of the decisive victory attained by the SS Panzer Corps divisions at a time of serious crisis for the Axis forces.