Barrows, as burial markers, are ubiquitous throughout North-Western Europe. In some regions dense concentrations of monuments form peculiar configurations such as long alignments while in others they are spread out extensively, dotting vast areas with hundreds of mounds. These vast barrow landscapes came about through thousands of years of additions by several successive prehistoric and historic communities. Yet little is known about how these landscapes developed and came about.That is what this research set out to do. By unravelling the histories of specific barrow landscapes in the Low Countries, several distinct activity phases of intense barrow construction could be recognised. Each of these phases contributed in a particular fashion to how the barrow landscape developed and reveals shifting attitudes to these landscape monuments.By creating new monuments in a specific place and in a particular fashion, prehistoric communities purposefully transformed the form and shape of the barrow landscape. Using several GIS-techniques such as a skyline-analysis, this research was able to demonstrate how each barrow then took up a specific (and different) position within such a social landscape. While the majority of the barrows were only visible from relatively close by, specific monuments took up a dominating position, cresting the horizon, and they were visible from much further away.It was argued that these burial mounds remained important landscape monuments on the purple heathlands. They continued to attract attention, and by their visibility ensured to endure in the collective memory of the communities shaping themselves around these monuments.This publication is part of the Ancestral Mounds Research Project of the University of Leiden.

C.R. Hermans is one of the founding fathers of archaeology in the Dutch Brabant-region. In 1865 he published the first collection of archaeological finds and find spots in this region. This publication is now reprinted in a facsimile-edition with an extensive introduction that puts the original book into perspective and supplies the reader with biographical information about Hermans. Dutch text

Pterosaurs or flying reptiles were the first vertebrates to evolve flight. These distant relatives of modern reptiles and dinosaurs lived from the Late Triassic (over 200 million years ago) to the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago) a span of some 135 million years. When they became extinct, no relatives survived them and as a result these prehistoric animals cannot readily be compared with our modern-day fauna. So what do we know of these highly succsessful animals? The present summary answers this and many more questions based on the most recent results of modern scientific research. After a short introduction to palaeontology as a science and its history related to pterosaurs, it explains what pterosaurs were, when and where they lived, and what they looked like. Topics such as disease, injury and reproduction are also discussed. Separated from this text are 'Mark explains' boxes. Each of these explanations puts one specific species in the spotlight and focuses on its lifestyle. They show how diverse pterosaurs were, from small insectivorous animals with a wingspan of nearly 40 centimetres to the biggest flying animals ever to take to the air, with wingspans of over 10 metres and with a way of life comparable to modern-day storks. The text is illustrated with many full colour photographs and beautiful palaeo-art prepared by experts in the field.

Since 1890 when Sir Flinders Petrie first realised the importance of the Aegean pottery he had found in Egypt further discoveries of these wares have been noted with more than superficial interest. Early studies, however, right up to the mid 20th century, had to be based on stylistic, and thus often subjective, criteria. It is only more recently with the development of a range of scientific techniques that it has become possible to make serious attempts to ascertain the exact sources of this imported pottery. A key factor in this work has been the establishment of data banks by which to define the various possible sites of origin. Samples from Mycenae, as one of the key nodes of Late Bronze Age trade, were taken both as part of the initial programme of research by the Research Laboratory at Oxford and then in the wider projects carried out in the Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley, by Professors Frank Asaro and Isadore Perlman and by the Department of Nuclear Chemistry of the University of Manchester. Though the results of these studies have been made public and widely used, the full details pertaining to the core area of the Argo-Corinthia have never been published. This fascicule of the Well Built Mycenae series presents for the first time the raw data as well as the statistical analyses based on it and assesses the impact of the various methods on the archaeological value of the research. Thus by giving an outline of the relation between these results and the on-going archaeological work at Mycenae and in the surrounding area we can see into which fields of study future work should be directed. Includes a DVD with accompanying material for 34.1 and all previous fascicules.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890), a shrewd trader and later in life one of the best known archaeologists of the 19th century, made many travels around the world. He recorded his experiences in several diaries. This publication is a transcription and translation of Schliemann's first travel diary: his European journey in the winter of 1846/47. This journey was his first as a commercial trader and through the diary he kept we get to know Heinrich Schliemann more as a tourist and human being than as a trader. From his new residence in Moscow he travelled to London and Paris and via Berlin back to St. Petersburg. He writes with admiration and amazement about buildings and the emerging industrialization, while indirectly he offers us a glimpse of the poverty and filthiness of that time. He describes his visits to amongst others the theatre, the British Museum, the Champs Elysées, and the Louvre. Besides the many pleasant experiences, he also mentions negative aspects such as the theft of his hat and the seasickness that plagued him during every one of his sea voyages. The original diary was written in English and French and for a small part in Italian. "Without having seen the Queen" comprises an introduction to the diary, a transcription of the diary, and a full English translation with annotations. This publication unlocks Schliemann's first travelogue and presents a unique view of his life before rising to fame as the discoverer of Troy.

A new complete record of the architecture, scenes and inscriptions in the important tomb of Djau with description and translations. The volume includes studies by M. Schultz and R. Walker of the recently discovered human remains of Djau and a study of mummification techniques by S. Ikram.

Papers given on a seminar celebrating the 25 years anniversary of the Petras excavations. Petras in western Crete was the site of a Minoan settlement. Despite the evidence for habitation in the last phase of the Neolithic period (3500 B. C.), the first settlement is dated to the Early Minoan II period (2600-2300 B.C.). It continued to be inhabited until 1450 B.C., when it was destroyed, along with the other Minoan centres. A short reoccupation occurred during the Late Minoan III period (1400-1300 B.C.). The settlement flourished in the Old Palace period (2000-1650 B.C.), when the central building of palatial character was built on the top of the hill; it reached a peak, however, in the New Palace period (2000-1450 B.C.) when many alterations of the buildings took place. In the 12th-13th centuries A.D. the top of the hill was occupied by a cemetery, of which 32 graves have been excavated.

Rock Art and Seascapes in Uppland presents a fresh approach to the detailed study of a selection of over 80 rock art panels located close to the present coastline of Uppland, Sweden, which include some 2000 ship depictions among the varied figurative art. Using GPS measurement combined with detailed study of the terrain, topography and relative sea level data in order to present accurate maps of the panels, the location and significance of the original positioning of rock art images in relation to their contemporaneous coastline is demonstrated and modelled. The implications in terms of chronology, typology, landscape, social practice and iconography are discussed and new interpretations for the relationship between Bronze Age rock art, shore displacement, settlement and burial sites presented. This is the first volume in a collaborative series of regional and case studies (The Swedish Rock Art Research Series) with the Swedish Rock Art Research Archive (SRARA), University of Gothenburg.

This is the fourth in the five-yearly series of surveys of what is happening in rock art studies around the world. The aims are to present a synthesis of the status of rock art research in different regions of the world, provide information about recent projects, publications, prevailing research objectives and methods, and enable rock art researchers to relate their findings in a specific region to mainstream research results. As always, the texts reflect something of the great differences in approach and emphasis that exist in different regions, presenting examples from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New World. Not all rock art areas are covered but some of the gaps in previous volumes have been filled. Papers consider the distribution of sites, chronology, interpretation, new surveys and publications, management and site conservation. Rock art studies are going through a period of scientific and technological development which will have an enormous impact on the quality of recording and dissemination. At the same time, many authors are concerned by problems of preservation and vandalism, and underline the crucial importance of educating local people, and the young, about the importance of this fragile and finite heritage. This aspect too will be of increasing importance in years to come.

Excavations along the new road line have revealed nearly 6000 years of human activity, from a massive marker post erected by early Neolithic farmers at the head of a dry valley to a bizarre burial of several different animals dating to the sixteenth century AD. Prehistoric discoveries include two enclosures of the middle Bronze Age, both associated with some of the earliest cobbled roads in Kent, a collection of Iron Age storage pits rich in diverse deliberate offerings, and the emergence of a nucleated hamlet in the middle Iron Age. Most exciting were rich cremation burials of the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, probably successive generations of a local family, whose rise to prominence coincides with the growth of the cult centre at Springhead nearby. The metal vessels include types new to Britain, the pottery stamps suggest the movement of continental potters to Kent, and one grave has the clearest evidence of furniture yet found from early Roman Britain. Medieval settlements of the late 11th-14th centuries mirror the renewed importance of Watling Street after the Norman conquest, and its eventual return to obscurity due to competition from the ferry from London to Gravesend.

This volume describes the results of a series of archaeological excavations undertaken in advance of the construction of a new dual carriageway, some 32 km long, across Anglesey. Five main sites and a series of prehistoric burnt mounds are discussed. The route encountered remains of Neolithic pit groups and a possible Late Neolithic ring-ditch; Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement features and a Bronze Age cremation cemetery; Romano-British settlements and a farmstead; an early medieval inhumation cemetery, medieval agricultural features and a corn-drying kiln.

DUTCH DESCRIPTION: Even ten noorden van Goedereede, in de Oude Oostdijkpolder, bevond zich in de Romeinse tijd een nederzettingsterrein. Hier vonden in de jaren '50 en '80 van de twintigste eeuw opgravingen plaats. Middelen voor de uitwerking van de resultaten van het onderzoek ontbraken echter, waardoor jarenlang onduidelijk was wat de omvang en het karakter van de nederzetting was. In 2010-2011 is de vindplaats in het kader van het onderzoeksprogramma Odyssee ontsloten. Hierbij zijn de destijds opgegraven grondsporen en een deel van het vondstmateriaal geanalyseerd. Het nederzettingsterrein was gelegen aan een bevaarbare kreek, waarlangs de toenmalige bewoners beschoeiingen en kadewerken hebben aangelegd. Andere opvallende elementen zijn de planmatige uitleg van de nederzetting, het voorkomen van pakhuizen en grote hoeveelheden geïmporteerd aardewerk. Op basis van deze gegevens kan gesproken worden van een havenplaats, die functioneerde tussen 85 en 225 na Christus. De nederzetting heeft waarschijnlijk een belangrijke functie gehad in de overslag en distributie van diverse goederen, waaronder keramiek en voedingsgewassen. Tevens gaat het om een van de grotere plaatsen uit de Romeinse tijd in het westen van Nederland. De gegevens van het onderzoek in Goedereede tonen aan dat de grootschalige overslag en distributie van goederen, die heden ten dage het economisch leven in de West-Nederlandse delta domineert, al in de Romeinse tijd een aanvang heeft genomen. ENGLISH DESCRIPTION: In the 1950's and 1980's a settlement from the Roman period was excavated in Goedereede. Until now the results had not been published. The analysis shows a settlement with a harbour that was in use between 85 and 225 AD. This settlement will have had an important role in the distribution trade goods, including ceramics and food. The book contains an extensive catalogue of Terra Sigilata. Dutch Language Edition.

Groups of burial mounds may be among the most tangible and visible remains of Europe's prehistoric past. Yet, not much is known on how "barrow landscapes" came into being . This book deals with that topic, by presenting the results of archaeological research carried out on a group of just two barrows that crown a small hilltop near the Echoput ("echo-well") in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. In 2007, archaeologists of the Ancestral Mounds project of Leiden University carried out an excavation of parts of these mounds and their immediate environment. They discovered that these mounds are rare examples of monumental barrows from the later part of the Iron Age. They were probably built at the same time, and their similarities are so conspicuous that one might speak of "twin barrows". The research team was able to reconstruct the long-term history of this hilltop. We can follow how the hilltop that is now deep in the forests of the natural reserve of the Kroondomein Het Loo, once was an open place in the landscape. With pragmatism not unlike our own, we see how our prehistoric predecessors carefully managed and maintained the open area for a long time, before it was transformed into a funerary site. The excavation yielded many details on how people built the barrows by cutting and arranging heather sods, and how the mounds were used for burial rituals in the Iron Age.

Prehistoric imagery is enigmatic and has been largely overlooked by archaeologists; it is only in the last two decades that it has garnered serious academic attention. This volume addresses this lacuna and discusses visual expression across Neolithic Europe. The papers in this volume result from a meeting of the Neolithic Studies Group on the topic of 'Neolithic visual culture' at the British Museum in November 2010. The intention of the meeting was to assess new studies of rock art from across Britain and Ireland, and to compare these with studies of Neolithic visuality from continental Europe. Here, the scope of the original meeting is widened, and includes further papers to provide a broader context and more coherent analysis of prehistoric expressionism. The volume is organised so that the rock art and passage tomb art traditions of the Neolithic in Britain and Ireland are compared for the first time to the rock art traditions of Northern and Southern Europe, with the mortuary costumes and figurines of South-eastern Europe.

The excavation of an area within the grounds of the Prebendal, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, adjacent to the parish church of St Mary's, showed that the town, which lies on a slight spur, is sited within a univallate Iron Age hillfort. Early-Middle Iron Age activity included the creation of a notable ritual area contaning the burials of four children and a young woman, most accompanied by animals; and a 'bone mass' containing animal bone, mostly disarticulated. Within a generation or so of the deposit's creation, within the first half of the 4th century BC, a univallate hillfort was constructed which did not continue into the later Iron Age. Early in the Middle Saxon period a palisade trench was dug into the hillfort's ditch, which was replaced by a ditch in the 8th century. Both palisade and ditch were almost certainly the boundaries of an early minster church and it is very likely that the former existence of the hillfort influenced its siting here. An unusual piece of Merovingian glass with a moulded cross on its base is likely to have been one of the minster's possessions. The extensive minster cemetery and later Saxon development of the town is briefly noted. A significant Saxo-Norman grain deposit which has been radiocarbon dated to the 11th-12th centuries is described.

DUTCH DESCRIPTION: In het werk en onderzoek van Eric Lohof staat de Nederlandse prehistorie centraal, en die van het Neolithicum en de Bronstijd in het bijzonder. Ter ere van Eric's pensioen in 2011 is rondom dit onderwerp een feestbundel samengesteld met bijdragen van vrienden, collega's en vakgenoten. In deze bijzondere samenwerking tussen archeologen uit de academische wereld en de private sector is een dwarsdoorsnede geschetst van wat de Nederlandse prehistorische archeologie te bieden heeft. Het richt zich op de nieuwe technische ontwikkelingen in het steentijdonderzoek en op de mogelijkheden om meer informatie te halen uit de archeologie van bekergraven. Ook is er ruimte voor de ontsluiting van ouder en nog niet eerder gepubliceerd onderzoek van urnenvelden uit het westen, oosten en noorden van het land. Tegelijkertijd reflecteren archeologen op oudere opgravingen en prospectietechnieken en op het grafritueel gedurende de periode van de lineaire bandkeramiek, de geschiedenis van het onderzoek naar grafheuvels en een kritische blik op de Indicatieve Kaart voor Archeologische Waarden (IKAW).Tenslotte biedt deze bundel ook interessante exposés over onderwerpen die maar zelden aan bod komen. Publicaties over visserij in de Bronstijd en de vernietigende kracht van de paalworm die leidde tot de eerste archeologische monumentenwet blijken fascinerende onderzoeksterreinen. Wat deze bundel verbindt is de inhoud en reikwijdte van de onderwerpen. Ze illustreren de brede belangstelling en passie van Eric Lohof voor zijn vak. ENGLISH DESCRIPTION: This book is a festschrift for the Dutch archaeologist Eric Lohof who retired in 2011. Friends and collegues from both academic institutions and archaeological companies contributed to this collection of articles on Dutch prehistoric archaeology. Dutch Language Edition.