Learned's history and grammar of Pennsylvania German is still a standard text of this living dialect and includes sections on ethnography, history, phonology, grammar, and etymology.

Herbert Weir Smyth focuses on a grammatical feature of the Homeric dialect of Greek viewed as an aberration by other grammarians, namely what seems to be a reduction of the -ei diphthong to -i in certain words.

In this well-known piece, Hale questions the rule of sequence of tense in Latin subjunctive clauses which is still used to teach Latin grammar, but fails to correspond to the language as it was used by the Romans themselves.

Francis B. Gummere presents s clear discussion of the issues involved in translating the poem for modern English readers.

William Dwight Whitney examines various translation of the Upanishads, the sacred Vedic literature of India.

Charles Bishop, whose life work revolved around the study of -teos adjectives in Greek and cognate forms in other Indo-European languages, examines the specific role of such adjectives in the plays of Sophocles.

Edward Hopkins here addresses and debunks the color theory, which assumes that ancient peoples were unable to perceive shades of green and blue because they lack vocabulary parallel to our own words for color.

This coursebook is designed for students who have completed at least one year of college study in Biblical Hebrew. It helps students make the transition from the basic grammar books to use of the comprehensive reference grammars and to more advanced analysis of Biblical Hebrew. Constant reference is made to recent works of grammar, and also to the grammatical comments of the medieval Jewish exegetes. A central theme is that medieval and modern Biblical Hebrew scholars have reached essentially similar conclusions, even if the medievals lacked modern terminology

One of the few scholars of biblical languages to reach so far into the cultural world of antiquity, de Lagarde here offers a brief contribution to the study of Bactrian lexicography. This brief study grew out of the author’s long-standing appreciation for the related Persian languages and literature. While not a full-fledged dictionary, de Lagarde here provides discussions of over one hundred words, some of them offered in considerable detail. For the linguist interested in the history of the study of this particular language, this handbook will prove an invaluable tool.

In this article Shipley uses a parent and child manuscript of Livy to show how and why errors come into texts as they are copied and to suggest methods for recognizing such errors and correcting them.

William Newbold deciphers inscriptions found under the soot and lava of Vesuvius in which Aramaic speakers used Greek and Latin letters to render their native tongue, occasionally in a mixture of Aramaic and Latin.

Minton Warren illuminates the process by which he and other editors navigate the very difficult task of editing the plays of Terrence from manuscript to edition.

Edward Capps addresses the problem of the movement of the dramatic chorus from its position in the orchestra during the 5th century BC to its elevated position above the actors in Vitruvius.

In Learning from Language, Walter H. Beale seeks to bring together the disciplines of linguistics, rhetoric, and literary studies through the concept of symmetry (how words mirror thought, society, and our vision of the world).Citing thinkers from antiquity to the present, Beale provides an in-depth study of linguistic theory, development, and practice. He views the historic division between the schools of symmetry and asymmetry (a belief that language developed as a structure independent of human experience), as built into the character of language itself, and as an impediment to literary humanism (the combined study of language, rhetoric, and literature to improve the competence and character of the individual).In his analysis, Beale outlines and critiques traditional claims of symmetry, then offers new avenues of approach to the subject. In doing so, he examines how important issues of human culture and consciousness have parallels in processes of language; how linguistic patterns relate to pervasive human problems; how language is an active participant in the expression, performance, and construction of reality; the concepts of designating versus naming; figurative language as a process of reenvisioning reality; and the linking of style to virtue by the ancients.Beale concludes that both asymmetrical and symmetrical elements exist in language, each with their own relevance, and that they are complementary, rather than opposing philosophies. The basic intuitions of symmetry that relate language to life are powerful and important to all of English studies. Combined with a love for the workings, sounds, and structures of language, Beale says, an understanding of symmetry can help guide the pursuit of literary humanism.

The writings of Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) have captivated scholars, activists, and ecologists for more than a century. Less attention has been paid, however, to the author's political philosophy and its influence on American public life. Although Thoreau's doctrine of civil disobedience has long since become a touchstone of world history, the greater part of his political legacy has been overlooked. With a resurgence of interest in recent years, A Political Companion to Henry David Thoreau is the first volume focused exclusively on Thoreau's ethical and political thought.Jack Turner illuminates the unexamined aspects of Thoreau's political life and writings. Combining both new and classic essays, this book offers a fresh and comprehensive understanding of Thoreau's politics, and includes discussions of subjects ranging from his democratic individualism to the political relevance of his intellectual eccentricity. The collection consists of works by sixteen prominent political theorists and includes an extended bibliography on Thoreau's politics. A Political Companion to Henry David Thoreau is a landmark reference for anyone seeking a better understanding of Thoreau's complex political philosophy.

Considered to be the most complete dictionary of Old Armenian (also known as Classical Armenian or Grabar, this historic dictionary is essential to the study of this language. Written by three members of the Mekhitarist Order, this project represents the first major attempt to document Old Armenian in any comprehensive way. This two-volume reference work is presented in the Classical Armenian alphabet with definitions given in Latin. The language of this dictionary represents the earliest known form of Armenian, making its value for the history of the language evident.