This book provides an up-to-date account of the archaeology, history, economy, urbanism, art, and architecture of the North African region of Tripolitania during antiquity. The essays by international scholars outline current research and the most recent developments in the archaeology of this territory. The strong interdisciplinary character of the texts reflects the expertise of the different authors – from studies of the landscape and urban development, to funerary practices, architecture, military operations and food supply. This timely publication provides a much-needed new assessment of the evolution of this region throughout the Roman and Late Antique period.

Trajan's Column, set up in the heart of Rome, was completed in 113 CE to commemorate the emperor Trajan's wars across the Danube. Its reliefs provide a uniquely detailed picture of the army at war in perfect harmony with Trajan who in his own lifetime and forever after was accounted 'The Best of Emperors'. The sculptures are a panegyric to military achievement of the troops and to leadership by their emperor, but, much more than this, they have exerted an enormous influence on modern perceptions of Roman art, architecture, warfare, politics, religion, ethnography and geography. The author's research answers questions which have been asked about Trajan's Column since the first studies of the 16th century. How were the reliefs planned and executed? Can they be used as a reliable historical source for Trajan's reign? How accurate is their depiction of the Roman army at war? What does the Column reveal about the political balance between emperor and army, and about Rome's attitude to the 'barbarian'?The Column's pedestal reliefs depicted more than 600 captured barbarian trophies, and its 200m helical frieze represents 2600 human figures engaged in frontier warfare. Never before has this vast mass of material been studied in detail, in its entirety, using modern methods of recording, comparison and analysis. The author was granted unprecedented access by the Rome authorities to scaffolding erected around the Column for conservation studies, allowing detailed photographic evidence to be collected as well as the chance to study the whole monument at close hand. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of Roman imperial history, art, and the city of Rome.

The large American Indian city of Cahokia sits amidst a diverse natural landscape within the larger central Mississippi river valley. Well positioned on the rich agricultural soils of the Mississippi river bottomlands of the Amercan Bottom it is at the core of a cultural landscape that its residents helped shape. In this volume the editors and authors attempt to not just focus on Cahokia and its configuration but also the other towns and settlements dispersed throughout the region extant for nearly four centuries. The importance of Cahokia to native peoples and to the world community as a UNESCO World Heritage site resides in its creation as a ‘Cosmological Center of the Universe’. In order to begin comprehending where we are today in an interpretation that respects and pays homage to those that were instrumental in its conception and the implementation of a vision, one must understand the principles that underlie the Indigenous cosmology and rituals of Eastern North America. Mapping the mounds began as early as the late 18th century and thus represents the first efforts to depict what was readily seen. Over 300 sites with earthen mounds have been documented in the region and range from isolated mounds honoring the dead thousands of years ago to an array of over 100 mounds in the case of Cahokia that in some instances honored the ancestors individually and collectively. The editor’s investigations over nearly 25 years have helped elucidate the significance of Cahokia as an urban center and the processes leading to its creation. The history of this sacred place is highlighted by a number of major discontinuities that represent intellectual ‘axis mundi’ of this discussion. However, it is the broader landscape perspectives over the centuries that serve to illuminate the vibrant colors of this narrative.

The Hellenic Air Force performed valiantly, against the Axis forces during the Battle of Greece but overwhelming odds forced its remaining personnel to escape to Egypt. With the assistance of the RAF, the Hellenic Squadrons were formed empowering the Greek pilots to continue their fight. From Palestine, Egypt, Libya and Italy until the victorious return to their homeland, Greeks flew several aircraft but one remained a favorite – the graceful Spitfire! Colours and Markings of Hellenic Spitfires examines for the first time all the Spitfire types that served with the Hellenic Fighter Squadrons. From the Mk.V starting in 1943, to Mk.IX and XVI in service until 1954. Brief details of their service use is provided, as well as in depth examination of colors and markings used, based on many photographs, historical archive documents, illustrations and veteran testimonies. An invaluable source of information for aircraft enthusiasts, history researchers and modellers.

This series of books provides details of all USN warships from 1893 to the present day. Every class and individual ship has an entry providing details of the procurement, dimensions and characteristics, and a summary of each ship's history and development. Profusely illustrated with photos. An essential manual for all US Navy enthusiasts and historians.This is volume four, part five - Destroyers (1943-1945).

This is the second edition of the first English language book to describe in detail the aircraft carried by Japan's extensive submarine fleet in World War Two. More than any other nation, Japan designed, built and operated aircraft launched from submarines, using them for reconnaissance and also (uniquely) for bombing and attack missions. This fascinating history of an under-published aspect of World War Two aviation warfare is illustrated with photographs, scale plans and full color illustrations, including those of the preserved Seiran. This book includes 200 photographs (many of which have not been published before) and 30 color profiles (plus top and bottom views of representative aircraft).

One hundred years ago, Howard Carter, working for Lord Carnarvon, made one of the most important archaeological discoveries of all times in the Valley of the Kings (Luxor, Egypt): the nearly intact tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun (ca. 1335-1325 BC). In addition to the king’s body, the tomb contained well over 5000 objects, which were recovered, conserved and recorded by Carter and his team. The fabulous treasures, such as the gold coffins, funerary mask, jewellery, as well as the six near complete chariots are well known. The tomb, however, yielded a wide variety of objects, both sacred and secular, including some that are less elaborately decorated with precious materials but which are, from a scientific point of view, perhaps even more interesting (and enigmatic). Many objects from the tomb still remain unstudied; those that have been published consist of specific groups, for example: thrones, chairs and stool; the bows; musical instruments; game boxes; the small gold shrine or the stone vessels. This work examines the tomb and its contents through an unusual lens: leather and other animal soft tissue products that were used in creating some of the tomb’s contents. Through a study of these artefacts, the reader is guided through the surprising and complex world of leatherworking in ancient Egypt, focussing on the numerous different objects from the tomb that are either made entirely from or include leather, such as the chariots and their accoutrements, weapons, gloves, as well as hitherto unpublished finds, as among which leatherworking tools. This approach offers new insights in ancient Egyptian technology as well as in the production and use of specific materials and objects. The findings are discussed in the wider framework of the development and organisation of the leather industry in New Kingdom Egypt.

40 color profiles of the famous Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (or T-Bird), an American jet trainer aircraft. American and almost all foreign users’ camouflages are shown.

During the 19th century, coming under the increasing military pressure exerted by the colonial military powers of Europe, several Muslim countries of both Africa and Asia were forced to modernize – in a progressive way – their armies in order to face the new menaces coming from abroad. As a result of the above, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, several “westernized” Muslim armies already existed around the world. The most important of these was the Ottoman Army, which was gradually reformed following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The Turkish troops played an important role in several pivotal conflicts of the 19th century – like the Crimean War – and developed their own distinctive identity across the decades. Following the Ottomans’ example, during the central decades of the 19th century, several other Muslim nations reformed their military forces along “westernized” lines: Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Persia and Afghanistan. The Egyptian Army soon became a major military power of the Mediterranean area, while the reformed troops of Tunisia and Morocco were mostly tasked with contrasting French expansionism in the Maghreb. Persia developed a strong army having western uniforms and weapons, which confronted the British; Afghanistan, instead, played a prominent role in the so-called “Great Game” that took place in Central Asia between Russia and Great Britain. The main aim of the present book is to provide a detailed analysis of the history, organization and uniforms of the Muslim armies that emerged during the 19th century; this will be made also thanks to the use of dozens of colour uniform plates depicting the dress of the various corps taken into account.

This pocket, written by Jolanda Bos, bundles a selection of objects from the Wearable Heritage Collection and features traditional jewellery items and dress from North Afrika and West Asia. The objects in the booklet are all illustrated with a personal account on how they became part of the collection, their function and use, illustrated with wonderfully detailed photographs. This pocket bundles a small selection of objects from the Wearable Heritage Collection and features traditional jewellery items, costume ornaments and dress from the North African and West Asian region. The objects in the booklet are illustrated with a personal account on how they became part of the collection, their function and use. In short articles different objects are presented and illustrated with wonderfully detailed photographs. The essence of the object is well characterized in this manner. The pocket is an excellent start for the understanding and appreciation of wearable and portable items from the Middle East.

Phyllis Dodd was born in Chester and studied firstly at Liverpool School of Art 1917-21 After winning a Royal Exhibition scholarship spent a further four years at the RCA in the company of her life-long friends Henry Moore, Raymond Coxon and Edna Ginesi. After gaining her diploma and winning the Drawing Prize in her final year she went on to teach part-time at Walthamstow Technical College 1925-30. Dodd exhibited at the RA, NEAC, RP, RSA and at the Walker Art Gallery. Her ninetieth birthday was celebrated with a major retrospective exhibition held at the Hatton Gallery, Newcastle University in November 1989. Married to the artist Douglas Percy Bliss, she held a joint exhibition with him at Derby Art Gallery, 1947. In the year of her death, a retrospective exhibition of her work was held at Newport Art Gallery who also have a fine portrait example in their collection as do Hull University. Douglas Percy Bliss was a Scottish painter and art conservationist. Born in Karachi, India (now in Pakistan), Bliss was raised in Edinburgh and educated at George Watson’s College from 1906 to 1917. Bliss left school in 1917 to join the Highland Light Infantry until the end of WW1. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A. in English Literature by the University of Edinburgh. He had studied Art History in his first year. Bliss then studied painting at the Royal College of Art in London. In his post-graduate year he studied engraving. In 1925 the Oxford University Press published his engravings illustrating Border ballads. Bliss then received a number of commissions, including a commission to write A History of Wood Engraving. This work received such critical acclaim that Bliss’ reputation as an artist was overshadowed by his reputation as a critic and teacher. In the 1930s he taught at the Blackheath School of Art and was the London art critic for The Scotsman. In 1941 Bliss joined the RAF and was stationed in Scotland. After the war he was appointed Director of the Glasgow School of Art. An exhibition of his work was held in the Glasgow School of Art in the summer of 1998.

40 color profiles of the famous : SPAD 13 C1, A French famous WWI fighter. French and other foreign users’ camouflages are shown.

Until 1825 Spain controlled a vast colonial empire in the Americas, which stretched from Mexico in the north to Argentina in the south; following several years of bloody wars, however, most of the American colonies of Spain became independent republics. As a result, in 1828, the Spanish colonial military forces were completely reorganized with the objective of defending in a more effective way the rich overseas possession that were still controlled by Spain: the flourishing Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, as well the Asian archipelago of the Philippines and some small islands in the Pacific. During the 1850s, Spain created her own colony in Africa by settling the small territory of Equatorial Guinea; in 1898, however, she lost both the Caribbean colonies and the Philippines to the USA as a result of the disastrous Spanish-American War. The dramatic events of 1898, however, did not brought the Spanish colonial empire to an end. During the early decades of the XX century, in fact, Spain greatly expanded her territories in North Africa - which included the cities of Ceuta and Melilla since centuries - by establish a “protectorate” over the northern portion of Morocco. In the same years the Spaniards also settled the vast region that later became known as “Spanish Sahara”, being located on the Atlantic coastline of Africa just south of Morocco. The main aim of the present book is to present a detailed analysis of the history, organization and uniforms of the Spanish colonial military forces from their reorganization of 1828 to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Thanks to the presence of dozens of uniform plates in colour, full details will be provided about the flamboyant dress of all the colonial troops deployed by Spain during the period taken into account.

Strøby Toftegård: Halls, Hierarchies and Social Dynamics in Late Iron Age and Viking Age Denmark presents and considers the archaeological material from the site of Strøby Toftegård in the eastern part of Zealand, Denmark, where comprehensive excavations took place between 1994 and 2013. The book seeks to qualify the interpretation of Farm 1 as the residence of a magnate from c. AD 650 to c. AD 1000 and of the whole settlement consisting of at least nine farm units as a magnate settlement. This is done by means of a detailed survey and analysis of buildings and features, structures, various groups of objects, and a discussion of the landscape, the social context and the creation of social hierarchies that the site fitted into while it was in use.Detailed analyses of pits, wells, a latrine, bone material, macrofossils, pollen, the sherds of glass vessels, sherds of windowpanes, beads, jewelry, tools and pottery all substantiate that Farm 1 was something extraordinary. Its inhabitants appear to have had better access to resources, been in charge of certain activities, had access to knowledge that was not available to everyone and, finally, to have been part of larger social and political networks. It is likewise argued that the rest of the settlement was home to the magnate’s retinue in the form of, inter alia, mounted warriors. Strøby Toftegård’s placement within the hierarchy of power in relation to the other known magnate localities is also discussed. The argument here is that there were close connections between Strøby Toftegård and the royal seat in Lejre, although the material simultaneously indicates that Strøby Toftegård was not quite on the same political level as Lejre.The interpretation of Strøby Toftegård is considered in relation to the surrounding landscape, place names and other archaeological evidence from excavations and metal-detector surveys. The last chapter is a concluding discussion of those elements within the archaeological material that justify interpreting the settlement at Strøby Toftegård as a magnate settlement, what such an interpretation entails and what questions it raises for future treatment of the archaeological material.

The 17th and 18th centuries witnessed a period of almost constant conflict in Europe and North America. In New England, the threat of invasion from the French in the North and the Spanish in the South weighed heavily on the colonists. The Crown's solution was to send an army from Britain to help govern, organise and protect the colonies, but ultimately this was not enough to secure loyalty and quell the whispers of revolt. For over a century, discontent simmered, but allegiance to the Crown and the military protection provided by Britain superseded – at least initially – the majority of grievances. Before 1763, many colonists fought for King and Country during multiple battles and the monarchy had demonstrated an ability to support and defend the colonies. Over time, however, Britain and the colonists disagreed on methods of governance and taxation, and how best to protect territory and trade. As wars waged on, allegiances became strained and imperial control required a different and perhaps more considered approach. This was not forthcoming, as Crown and Parliament continued to tighten political and economic rule, which both divided and provoked the colonists. Some, such as the political propagandist Thomas Paine, eventually argued: 'the period of debate is closed… 'TIS TIME TO PART.'

Having declared their independence, Britain's former colonies in North America would need to fight for their liberty. The response from the other side of the Atlantic was slow, but when it arrived it appeared overwhelming. Hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of troops gathered to re-establish the Crown's control. If the Revolution was not to die in its first year, the Americans would need to take on the largest expeditionary force ever sent by Great Britain up to that point… with an army of amateurs.The 1776 campaign saw a nearly uninterrupted string of British victories; at Long Island, White Plains and Fort Washington the Americans proved unable to stand against the disciplined regulars led by General William Howe, who received a knighthood for his efforts. The war appeared all but over as General George Washington led the tattered remnants of his army to safety at the end of the year, but as British thoughts turned to the next campaign, Washington showed that he was not yet finished, winning significant morale-boosting victories at Trenton and Princeton.Detailing the armies, commanders, strategies and tactics employed on both sides, The Northern Strategy, 1776 takes a fresh look at one of the most remarkable campaigns of the 18th century, one in which the British failed to secure their longed-for knockout blow and instead found themselves drawn into a long and painful war of attrition.