Current research into photography from a European perspective strikes a solid contrast to North American studies. This synopsis of Continental thought covers recent attempts to re(write) the history and theory of photography. In assessing current research, the contributors argue that photography is the matrix according to which we produce images in the broadest sense, including imaginary ones. Major emphasis is placed on the reception of the image. Individual authors comment on the task of verbally describing a photograph, survey historical issues of visuality and interpretations, discuss new documentary practices, and measure the significance of the subject in the statement made by the photograph. The work of Victorian photographer Clementina Hawarden and her sensual, rarely pictured pictures are featured. In studying gender aesthetics and politics, the essays explore the connection between photography and pornography, reject standard psychoanalytic interpretations, and incorporate new linguistic philosophical approaches to the medium. Death, memory, the traumatic, and photography's muteness towards the past are also discussed. A final essay assesses how the impact of photography will vary once a passive viewer becomes a use of interactive video. This book should be of use in advancing theories of photography and photography's place in the post-modern consciousness.

Text in Danish and Latin.

Two-Volume Set. This is the last volume in the series of reports from the Danish excavations on the ancient Tall of the important Syrian site and town of Hama. It presents the medieval architecture of the mound from the Arab conquest in 636 to 1401 when the citadel of Hama was destroyed by Timur Lenk. The excavations revealed that the early Islamic town was not as insignificant as previously believed. The periods of Hama's greatest strength were, however, the 12th and 13th centuries, when many different structures were built on the mound, such as a bath, mills and other industrial structures (among these a workshop for the production of grenades). Its fortifications mainly dated from the 12th century, although an older Byzantine wall was also found.

This study examines how in the dispute between Thukydides and Hellanikos, scholars have long taken it for granted that the preserved historian was right and the lost one mistaken, despite the fact that the Battle of Oinoe, for example, does not fit into the chronology of Thukydides. By restoring the dates recorded by Hellanikos, Schreiner asserts that a reliable chronology can be established. The first historian to record the period from the Persian Wars to 431 BC was Hellanikos, the author of the lost "History of Athens" from its mythical origins through the fifth century BC. He reported there was one war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 421 and another from 412 to 404, and that the first was caused by contemporary events of the 430s. Thukydides, writing a monograph on a war he sought to establish as the most disastrous to date, criticised Hellanikos as chronologically inaccurate and lacking an appreciation of the impact of a stronger Athens. Thukydides asserted that there was only one war, beginning in 431 and ending in 404, caused by the growth of Athens following the Persian Wars and the fear that growth inspired in Sparta. The book, in reviving the text of Hellanikos, should encourage scholars of antiquity and military history to re-evaluate their interpretations of the era.

This survey by scholars, experts and politicians with knowledge of, and influence in, the Caucasus region reflects its many conflicting ethnic groups and nations. An introductory section deals with the entire region from the historical perspective, drawing special attention to its geographical importance and relations with the former Soviet Union and the present Russian Federation. Subsequent essays analyse the ethnic and national problems in North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Abkhazia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Crimea, Nagorno-Karabakh and Chechenia. The concluding articles discuss the Turkish influence on Caucasian conflicts.

Novelist Sean O'Faolain, playwright Brian Friel, and poet Seamus Heaney have been highly critical of the Irish revolutionary generation for its oversimplification of the interstice between past and present. These post-war writers complain that the nationalists see Irish history as a great romantic narrative with a tragic beginning and possibly a happy ending. The present collection of essays centres on the implications of an intricate conception of Irish history and identity. It emphasises both the historical considerations and the literary representations of Irish identities. The text of the "Good Friday Peace Accord" is included along with individual chapters on the slow triumph of politics, historical revisionism, uses of the national anthem, on Sean O'Faolain, on Frank McCourt's "Angela's Ashes", and nationalism and unionism in this decade. The chapters on literary representation discuss the peotry of Northern Ireland, of John Hewitt and Seamus Heaney, James Joyce's "modern hells", Samuel Beckett, and the state of the Irish theatre. Apart from essays by such Irish writers as Tom Garvin, Colm Toibin, Edna Longley, and Fintan O'Toole, the collection contains contributions by American, Norwegian, Swedish and Danish scholars.

This volume brings together international scholars of American Studies whose work explores the issues of ethnicity, race, gender, national, and cross-cultural identity in American literature and culture. The ramifications of this discussion go far beyond the borders of North America; in our era of European consolidation and global communications, even the seemingly most homogeneous of national literatures find themselves at last responding to and acknowledging external cultural influences. With articles ranging from an examination of early colonial texts through postcolonial theory to a theoretical discussion of Michael Wigglesworth's Diaries and the latest work of Maya Angelou, "Other Americans, Other Americas" will appeal to a wide academic audience as a significant contribution to the latest scholarship in the field of multicultural studies.

The Japanese educational system is admired and envied for its success in providing a well-educated population and contributing to the spectacular post-War industrialisation and modernisation of the nation. It is also criticised for inhibiting creativity and spontaneity, seen as crucial talents in the forthcoming information age. "Moving Mountains" is based on two propositions: that the educational system is undergoing a number of changes, despite charges to the contrary, and that there is a conflict between the rhetoric of the National Council on Education Reform undertaken by Prime Minister Nakasone (1982-1987) and its emphasis on issues like internationalism vis-à-vis the national and economic needs as defined by the politicians.

Explores the problems faced by refugees and migrants in the rich society of the western world today as they are seen by the refugees and migrants themselves. The main focus is on the literature written by these displaced persons. The writers discuss the issues of language, cultural transmission and racism and give artistic expression to their thoughts and feelings. The book also includes an article by Peter Noble, Sweden's ombudsman for refugees who traces the legal concept of refugees.

What was the relationship between city and country in the Roman Empire? The writings which have been preserved show an enormous empire, divided into "cells", each with a city at its centre. But the written sources are few, and focus mainly on the cities of Italy; they do not tell what life was like in the Roman provinces. Through systematic studies of the ancient landscape in Northern Tunisia, archaeologists have reconstructed the day-to-day history and economic activity of the rural population around the city of Segermes. Over 100 persons have been involved in this joint Danish-Tunisian project. The findings presented in these two volumes indicate that in Roman times, the valley was given over to intensive cultivation of wheat and olives, maintained at a high output level by means of extensive irrigation works. The population was dense and, surprisingly, reached its peak between 350 and 550 AD, a period of economic decline elsewhere in the Roman Empire.

Every second year the Danish Institute at Athens publishes a volume in this series presenting results of Danish field research archaeology in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean and research in this area by Danish as well as international scholars.

This volume presents maps and plates of the excavation area, together with additional material introduced in the previous seven volumes. German text.

Text in Danish and Latin.

This study provides a comprehensive overview of Iwano Homei's life and his distinctive body of literary work. Iwano Homei (1873-1920) was the first Japanese writer to concern himself rhetorically with the question of presenting the point of view within a narration. His works and theories of literature remain largely unknown and unstudied in the West. He is infrequently included in studies of Japanese literature, and only one of his novels has been translated into a Western language, Czech. Iwano's writings reflect his central theory of "monistic narration" (ichigen byosha). This sense of the momentary became a philosophy of life. For Iwano, "literature" and "action" were of equal value. He saw literature and art "as the most individual and most momentary of activities, both capable of bringing to life the symbolic mystic world." Both as a poet and novelist, Iwano's writing centred on his egocentricity, his fanatical nationalism and his belief in monogamy. The book then introduces the reader to Iwano's theory of literature, its development and content, as well as reactions to the theory. Lastly, Iwano's theories are placed within a larger context, compared with traditional Japanese and Western theories concerning point of view within a narration, as found in the work of, for instance, Henry James.

Does rationality, the intellectual bedrock of all science, apply to the study of religion? Religion, arguably the most subjective area of human behaviour, has particular challenges associated with its study. Attracting crowd-healers, conjurers, the pious and the prophetic alongside comparativists and sceptics, it excites opinions and generalisations whilst seldom explicitly staking out the territory for the discussions in which it partakes. Increasingly, scholars argue that religious study needs to define and critique its own field, and to distinguish itself from theology and other non-objective disciplines. Yet how can rational techniques be applied to beliefs and states of mind regarded by some as beyond the scope of human reason? Can these be made empirically testable, or comparable and replicable within academic communities? Can science explicate religion without reducing it to mere superstition, or redefine its truth in some empirical but meaningful way? Featuring contributions from leading international experts including Donald Wiebe, Roger Trigg and Michael Pye, Rationality and the Study of Religion gets under the surface of the religious studies discipline to expose the ideologies beneath. Reopening debate in a neglected yet philosophically significant field, it questions the role of rationality in religious anthropology, natural history and anti-scientific theologies, with implications not only for supposedly objective disciplines but for our deepest attitudes to personal experience. 'Interesting and important.

These eleven essays by historians, political scientists, sociologists and anthropologists establish a foundation for appreciating the political history of Central Europe. By examining the political landscape in each country, the contributors aim to evoke the legacy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and bridge the gap between the two extreme images of Central European history. Specific topics presented include: the lost dimensions of social movements and classes; the relationship between the concepts of "nation" and "state"; Austrian democracy; party system development; the myth of Czech liberalism; the Sudeten-German problem; Slovak politics; the regime change in Hungary; and the relationship between democracy and organised interests. By focusing on the consequences of past regime types, social structures and cultural contexts for democractic development, this volume presents a significant base from which future scholars can proceed on a country-by-country analysis.