This volume details Jan Zahle's investigations of subterranean structures close to the Maussolleion. Successive spoilations -- including Newton's -- have greatly muddled the archaeological record, and the Danish excavations uncovered evidence of another complication: plans for the site appear to have changed during construction, so what was originally intended as a modest extension of the existing structures evolves into a huge tomb on an immense terrace. Zahle's thorough sifting of evidence resolves many contradictions, though uncertainties still remain.

What is the relationship between the British colonial project and English literature in India? How did official pronouncements on the role of English in culture and education help define modern India? How can postcolonial theory contribute towards and understanding of this history and its aftermath? In this historical study, Prem Poddar shows how colonisers and the nationalists who succeed them tended to inhabit the same discursive space. True difference and heterogeneity became the first casualty in the name of a united nation. The book details the 'civil violence' of such policies in independent India. If the study of English is to remain relevant in ex-colonies like India, Poddar argues, it must take cognisance of postcolonial critiques that recognise other voices and locate English literature in its various cultural and historical contexts. 'Violent Civilities' speaks most obviously to scholars of English, India or postcolonial studies, but it is also for anyone interested in how contemporary academe can negotiate the relationship between national identity, language and culture.

Text in German.

What is it that shocks newcomers to the works of Flannery O'Connor and what makes them return? The perfection of her language and her images allures her readers, the precision of her settings and her characters keeps them spellbound because the surface reality of her stories -- enjoyable in itself -- touches deeper layers of human experience. For O'Connor the art work was an embodiment of spiritual reality as much as Jesus was the Word made flesh. In his study the author presents readings of O'Connor stories, which prove that she is a master of showing mystery through manners, depth through precision.

In its first three centuries the Roman Empire expanded politically at the same time as Greek culture was enjoying its heyday. This not only created tensions but also many productive impulses, which were mirrored in different branches of cultural life. In this collection of papers an assembled team of international scholars from the fields of philosophy, history of ideas, literature, epigraphy, archaeology and history explores the intercultural aspects of that thriving period. Lisa Nevett's paper "Continuity and change in Greek households under Roman rule - the role of women in the domestic context" looks at the extent to which individual households and especially attitudes to women changed under Roman control. her evidence of patterns of social behaviour is archaeological and she concludes that a relaxation of restrictions on women took place from the later Hellenistic period onwards and therefore was a development which had begun prior to the arrival of the Romans. Paolo Desideri surveys Greek historiographical literature of the second century AD to find a key to Greek mentality and political ideology in the late Roman Empire. The Greeks did not have to give up their civilisation and identity; Appian and Cassius Dio even created the idea of a Hellenistic rather than a Roman Empire. Philip Stadter in "Plutarch's Lives and their Roman Readers" argues that Plutarch in "Lives is counselling the elite class of the Roman Empire, and that Tiberius Gracchus in particular would have provided a useful lesson, e.g. for the emperor Hadrian. Ewen Bowie explores the literary tales of Hadrian in Latin and particularly Greek poetry, including ancient sources for his preferences, his own compositions and some of the poems composed by the friends of ministers. Hadrian seems to have preferred Antimaches over Homer, admired Archilochus, Parthenius and short polymetric compositions.

This is the second volume of the complete publication of Panskoye I, a short-lived Greek rural site in Northwestern Crimea dating from the period c. 400-270 BC. The settlement was founded by Olbia, the most important Greek city on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Half a century later the fortress was destroyed and the settlement taken over by another Greek city, Tauric Chersonesos. From then on and until its final destruction it formed part of the chora (territory) of this city. Both the necropolis and settlement provide invaluable archaeological information thanks to the unique combination of a very precise date with rich finds of the material culture such as pottery, metals, sculptures, coins, inscriptions, etc, as well as anthropological data allowing the paleodemographic reconstructions.

This is the first volume of the complete publication of Panskoye I, a rural settlement in North-western Crimea dating from the period c. 400-270BC. The settlement was founded by Olbia, the most important Greek city on the northern shores of the Black Sea. Half a century later the fortress was destroyed and the settlement taken over by another Greek city, Chersonesos Taurica. From then on and until its final destruction it formed part of the chora (territory) of this city. This volume published research results about a monumental building (U6) which was erected after the take-over by Chersonesos and details on the very varied and rich finds from the building. The volume encompasses detailed studies of the architecture and layout of the building, of a large number of finds such as sculpture, pottery, lamps, terracottas, coins, metal-, stone-, and glass objects and graffiti. Included also are the results of a number of scientific studies, such as geological, palaeobotanical and petrographic analyses. An introduction presents the large-scale survey of North-western Crimea which began in 1959 and of which the excavations of Panskoye I (1964-94) form a central part. This publication offers an insight into two important issues in ancient history and classical archaeology, a Greek city's exploitation of its territory and of the interaction between Greek settlers and all local tribes, in this case the Scythians and the Taurians. The volume is the first of three. Volume 2 will deal with the necropolis of the settlement, and volume 3 with the earliest fortress.

This book, dedicated to the influential Danish spider ecologist Edwin Nørgaard, contains contributions by authors from 16 European countries, and reflects the current areas of interest for researchers working with spiders, scorpions and related animals in Europe. It contains 46 original research articles and reviews covering a wide range of disciplines such as ecology and conservation, behaviour, physiology, morphology and systematics. A particular section is devoted to reproductive behaviour, with papers on sexual selection, sperm competition in relation to the structure of female genitalia, emasculation and sexual cannibalism in spiders, and parthenogenesis in scorpions. Silk, the structure and function of spider webs and how they are built, form another section. There are papers on sampling methods and faunistic analyses of the biodiversity and conservation value of spider communities from several types of habitats (forests, dunes, bogs etc.) in various European countries. Other papers deal with the value of spiders for agriculture, prey capture strategies, spiders' parasites, life cycles, neuronal mapping of reflex behaviour, the systematic classification of spiders and local faunistics.

The three main currents in twentieth century political thought and practice "fascism, liberalism, and social democracy", emerged not in isolation from one another, but rather as competing and conflicting ideologies connected with particular social strata in different parts of Central Europe. That historical legacy continues to exert influence on popular perceptions and the relationship of contemporary political parties in the post-communist world. This volume of essays seeks to place the forces of Neo-Liberalism, Social Democracy, and Neo-Fascism within their historical perspective and their appeal to contemporary constituencies. In addressing the left, center, and right political elements, an international group of authors presents detailed analyses of a myriad of political options, including the skinheads and Neo-Nazis of central Europe, Hungarian Social Democracy, the Civic Forum in the Czech Republic, the party system in Slovakia, the development of FPÖ in Austria, and the Radical right in the Czech Republic. Papers also document the fall and rise of Social Democracy in the Czech Republic, the undermining of Slovak democracy, and Austrian Social Democracy before and after 1945. Concluding articles reflect on the limitations of Liberalism in Hungary and the ideology and role of socialist parties in the post-socialist milieu of Eastern-Central Europe. This book will be invaluable in providing the historical environment with an understanding of a vibrant, sometimes turbulent political arena.

This volume deals with the economic effects of immigration on the Danish public sector, in terms of both public income (through taxes) and public expenses (through transfers and the use of services).

The initial aim of the Danish archaeological campaigns in Bahrain was to look for settlements contemporary with the "Hundred Thousand Gravemounds". After the first few campaigns it was evident, however, that the island was such a rich archaeological field that investigation of all periods from the earliest flint-using culture to the later Islamic world was called for. Among the Islamic remains was an exceptionally fine collection of Early Islamic pottery and glass recovered from the rubbish which filled up a well at the Barbar site where a temple from around 2000BC was excavated. These remains are published in this volume along with finds from the Islamic settlement at the Qala'a mound, especially the Islamic Fortress.

Luristan in Western Iran was largely inaccessible to foreigners until the early 1960s when a new road linking the Great Khorasan Road with Susiana or Elam was built by the Danish engineering firm, Kampsax. This volume presents the settlement and tombs and graves of the centuries around 1000 BC, and includes identifications of animal and human remains, and teeth found there.

The vast Castellani collection of ancient Greek pottery, now housed in the Villa Giulia Museum in Rome, has been studied by several scholars, notably Paolo Mingazzini who published part of the collection. A great deal, however, especially fragments and fragmentary pieces, remains unpublished. The aim of the publication of the Athenian Black Figure fragments is to make this important material available to all students of Greek pottery. Each piece in the publication is illustrated and described. There are a number of important pieces among them, and the fragments as a whole add to the knowledge of Athenian Black Figure pottery since the picture is distorted without them. The first volume by Lise Hannestad dealt with cups: kylikes, skyphoi, kyathoi, and mastoids. The second volume emphasises the closed vessels: amphorae, jugs, lekythoi, hydriai, craters, and dinoi.

What does it take to change the behaviour of people and businesses with respect to the environment? In the 1990's a group of social scientists gathered to discuss this question from their individual perspectives in disciplines ranging from marketing to theology and jurisprudence to psychology. Rather soon it became clear to them that they first needed to focus on basic assumptions about human motivation and rationality; otherwise it was impossible for say, the economist who regards individuals as calculating maximisers of utility, to understand the sociologist who presumes they are role-playing or norm-guided beings. Prompted by these debates on first principles, this volume gathers together some of the participants' perspectives on rationality. Wherever possible, the authors link the discussion of rationality to matching conceptions of nature and human attitudes toward it.

This volume of "North Atlantic Studies" is a theme issue of conference presentations on particular religious belief and practices in the North Atlantic area and in the American and Eurasian north. The central theme is the relationship between human society and other realms or worlds. The papers deal with interaction through ritual, Shamanic practices, dreams, and imagery with the worlds of spirits, game animals, the dead and others removed in time or space from the human actors. There are extensive cross-cultural resemblances between such beliefs and practices within the northern regions. Historically such issues have been addressed in terms of climate, historical connection, evolution, structural or functional necessity, and psychological mechanisms and research in this field has taken place in different disciplinary frameworks with limited mutual contact. In the tradition of "North Atlantic Studies", scholars from different disciplines and research communities are brought together in the presentation of common themes in and around the North Atlantic areas. In this volume the contributors are anthropologists, archaeologists, a student of folklore, a biologist and, presenting a different viewpoint, a shamanic therapist.

The difficulties of a translation vary with the character of the text, the nature of the languages involved and the intended audience. Working in two languages that boast long recorded histories yet lack the status of 'passport' tongues, the contributors to this volume wrestle with the full range of problems encountered by translators everywhere. The sixteen pieces in the book draw on experience in diverse fields but may be roughly divided into four sections. The first focuses on translations from ancient Greek to Danish, with essays that describe specific textual challenges - the Iliad, the New Testament, the Greek tragedies translated for the stage - and take up the question of the reception of classical civilisation in Denmark. The second group covers renderings of modern literature in both directions, featuring general reflections as well as a contribution on translating Kierkegaard's Philosophical Fragments and a study of Achilleus Paraschos and Danish folk songs. The next section ventures into less literary territory with several appraisals of how Danish and Greek fare in the multilingual legal and administrative environment of EU institutions. The final articles leave books behind altogether to concentrate on subtitling of film in theory and in practice.