This is an account of a remarkable nomadic people in the heart of West Africa, presumably the only hunting and foraging community to withstand its bloody legacy of slave-raiding, colonisation, warfare, and environmental degradation. Rich in detail, epic in scope, Ida Nicolaisen's evocative book on the Haddad recreates the essence of nomadic existence from prehistoric times through the ups and downs of Sudanese Empires to our times. Based on fieldwork among the Haddad and a meticulous reading of the scanty sources on the cultures of Northern Chad, the author offers a fascinating description of the every-day life, subsistence strategies, knowledge, poetry and music of this little known people. The book takes the reader on hunting expeditions with one group that chases gazelle and antelope into cleverly placed 'traps' of nets; it describes how hunters of another group crawl up on their prey in disguise with bow and arrow, as Saharan rock paintings tell us pre-historic man did in the region. Ida Nicolaisen's scientific precision informs her analysis of the complex multi-ethnic setting of which the economic and social life of the Haddad form part and her insights into the traumatic implications of the history of the region on their lives. The continued existence of hunting and foraging communities in West Africa has so far gone unnoticed. By adding this valuable material on the indigenous Haddad to the puzzle, Ida Nicolaisen's book seeks to stimulate the interest of scholars, and to encourage in the public a wider and more sophisticated reading of African history, culture and social issues.

Throughout the entire span of Graeco-Roman antiquity Alexandria represented a meeting place for many ethnic cultures and the city itself was subject to a wide range of local developments, which created and formatted a distinct Alexandrine 'culture' as well as several distinct 'cultures'. Ancient Greek, Roman and Jewish observers communicated or held claim to that particular message. Hence, Arrian, Theocritus, Strabo, and Athenaeus reported their fascination of the Alexandrine melting pot to the wider world and so did Philo, Josephus and Clement. In various fashions, the four papers of Part I of the volume, Alexandria from Greece and Egypt, deal with the relationship between Ptolemaic Alexandria and its Greek past. However, the Egyptian origin and heritage also play important roles for the arguments. The contributions to the second part of the book are devoted to discussions of various aspects of contact and development between Rome, Judaism and Christianity.

This book features hitherto unpublished finds from the Minoan Palace periods discovered in major and minor excavations of recent years in the central, eastern and northern Aegean. The sites in the Aegean are Thera, Ios, Karpathos, Rhodes, Lemnos and Samothrace, while the west coast of Asia Minor are represented with the Urla peninsula (Cesme), Teichioussa, Iasos, Miletus and Troy. The papers discuss finds such as pottery, loom weights, other small finds, administrative written and sealed documents, and architecture seen in relation to questions like trade, 'minoanising' and colonization. The central issues of the conference are discussed among Aegean scholars in the last chapter.

Tylos Period Burials in Bahrain - Volume II - The Hamad Town DS 3 & Shakhoura Cemeteries

Periodical from the Danish Institute at Athens publishing results of Danish archaeological field work in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean and studies by Danish and international scholars working within the same thematic and geographical field of research. This volume includes field reports from Kalydon and the Zea harbour of Athens, and studies in Ancient Greek polyandry, Mithridates VI as Rome’s perfect enemy and sophistic literature. With contributions by Niels Andreasen, Søren Dietz, Hedvig von Ehrenheim, Martin S Harbsmeier, Dimitris C Papadopoulos, Helle Salskov Roberts, Annette Højen Sørensen, Maria Stavropoulou-Gatsi, Ingrid Strøm, Olga Zolotnikova, Christian Høgel, Jacob Isager, Bjørn Lovén, Jesper Majbom Madsen, Mads Møller Nielsen and Nota Pantzou.

In connection to the archaeological research of the warfare sacrifices in Illerup, Ejsbøl and Nydam, a comprehensive amount of pollen samples has been collected; that is both in connection to the artefacts found and in pollen series in the different bog layers. The collection of pollen has several objectives. First and foremost it is possible to describe the vegetational development which contributes to the determination of the geneses of the specific bog. Secondly, the archaeological find layers can be matched with the pollen series to achieve a relative dating. After the excavations, work demanding analyses have been carried out in the laboratories. However, it is not until now with Else Kolstrup's publication of the pollen research from Nydam, a connection between the vegetational development and the warfare sacrifices has been established. Added to this is the description of the vegetation in the surrounding areas. The varied intensity of farming and the relation between land and forest are described in the research. The scientific research is a significant supplement to the archaeological observations, thus, it is important that the results are published as quickly as possible. In this way the results can be added to the analyses of the pollen series from the other bog finds and for this reason we have chosen this separate type of publication.

The papers in this volume illustrate the interplay between the studies of classical archaeology, religion, history, and musicology. The eight papers by the young scholars and their Nestor, Richard Hamilton, offer a fresh look at various aspects of ancient cult, including the use of the word cult in the academic disciplines of Archaeology and the History of Religion; the introduction of Asklepios to Athens, and a detailed study of the same god's sanctuary on the south slope of Akropolis, where it will be demonstrated that the layout of the early sanctuary on the east terrace was carefully designed after one central monument. The book also contains an innovative study of the Philippeion at Olympia, where it is argued that the tholos with its sculpture was a prototype for the use of divine images and royal ideology by Hellenistic rulers. Other papers include a statistical approach to the illustration of baskets on Classical votive reliefs, a theoretical study of the role of music in ancient Greek cult, and analysis of the use of the chorus as one of the most important expressions of ancient cult in Sparta.

This book of classic scope is a monograph of a Melanesian society, an exploration of ranked exchange and a bold critique of anthropological exchange theory. John Liep unravels the complex society and exchange system on Rossel Island east of New Guinea. At centre stage is the famous 'Rossel Island money', a hierarchy of more than twenty classes of sea shells displayed in payment rituals such as bridewealth and pig feasts. High-ranking shells are monopolised by big men who control exchange and dominate social life on the island. Theories of reciprocity and gift exchange with their built in utopian assumption of social equality, Liep finds, cannot account for a system of ranked exchange. Instead, exchange is unequal and money an instrument of distinction and power. Liep argues that ranked exchange has remained undiscovered as a general phenomenon. Still found in some Pacific societies it was formerly widespread in Oceania and beyond. The book will be essential to students of indigenous currencies and exchange theory and of interest to economic anthropologists and Oceanists.

These two volumes present a new and comprehensive theory concerning the manner in which landscapes in Western pictorial art may be interpreted in relation to the cultures that created them. Its point of departure is a hitherto unexplored developmental pattern that characterises landscape representation from Palaeolithic cave paintings through to 19th-century modernity. A structuralist comparison between this pattern and three additional fields of analysis -- self-consciousness, socially-determined perception of nature, and world picture -- reveals a fascinating insight into culture's macrohistorical organisation. Controversially, this book argues that culture at a certain level of observation is marked by directional evolution. In Volume I the author traces the pictorial depth of field from its Palaeolithic beginnings, in which only separate bodies are portrayed, and on to antiquity and the Middle Ages with their quasi-perspectival vistas. This gradual accentuation of a viewpoint is interpreted as a sign of how self-consciousness -- the notion of an T detached from nature -- develops. Similarly, the raw rocky terrain and vividly coloured skies that are introduced in ancient and medieval landscape images are taken as a testimony of how cosmos splits into a chaotic Mother Earth and an indestructible masculine heaven. Finally, Volume I demonstrates that the ancient landscape images' exclusion of traces of cultivation (e.g. fields, roads, hedges, fences) is the result of work-shyness, a longing for the Golden Age, among the powers-that-be. The topic of Volume II is the breakthrough of the modern landscape image and its new perspectival vistas, transient time and cultivated - or completely deserted - terrains. This post-medieval paradigm shift is construed as the mature stage in the evolution of self-consciousness, with an urban individual contemplating nature at an aesthetic distance. Apart from being structurally equivalent with the new Copernican cosmos and the colonial expansion of Western culture, the new territorial landscape image is shown to develop in close interaction with the early modern work ethic, republicanism and capitalism. It is also demonstrated that this landscape image is at odds with the idealising Italian Renaissance vision, a conflict condensed in the imagery of strangely artificial rock formations.

The experience economy is a fourth economic field, different from commodities, goods and services. Experiences are an economic value that is added to a product or identical with a product. When you buy an experience, you pay to spend time enjoying a series of memorable events that a company stages to engage a customer in a personal way. Fuelled by an expanding global and digital economy, the experience dimension has moved into a predominant place since the 1990s. In developed countries, people haw become richer and more individual-ised, and with all their basic material needs being met they focus increasingly on personal development and self-realisation. Demand is increasing for experience-based products such as tourism and sports, as well as film, music and other contents of media and interactive technologies. Furthermore, the demand for experience values has extended to include any product or dimension of modern societies, such as the design of houses, furniture, clothes, cars, computers, etc. This is not a completely new story -- commercial entertainment and design have, after all, been around for a century or so, and the un-it values of love, sex, belief, family and the meaning of life have always been vital to human beings. What is new is the fact that capitalism is invading more and more fields of experiences connected with emotions and the extension of life. In all developed countries, and increasingly on a global scale, a series of expanding industries has to supply the market with experience-oriented goods. In this book, the business development of markets and industries is examined: from tourism, to media and entertainment, from design to sex, and the leading companies and trends in all the industries involved are also given consideration.

Text in German. Grauballe Man was about 34 years old when he met his death. He died from a deep cut to the throat. His right shinbone was also fractured. He undoubtedly suffered a violent end -- he was executed -- and was then laid naked in a water-filled peat cutting in the bog. The ultimate sacrifice was made that day around 290 BC -- a human life -- to the supernatural powers or in the service of some other urgent cause. Few finds from Denmark's prehistory enjoy the attention and interest afforded by the public and the media to Grauballe Man, who is exhibited at Moesgaard Museum, south of Aarhus, Denmark. With this book in hand it is not difficult to imagine a person of flesh and blood who wandered around during the first centuries of the Iron Age, long before Caesar was born. Archaeologist Pauline Asingh of Moesgaard Museum presents the very latest discoveries about Grauballe Man, his life, his afterlife, his bog and the interpretation of him and his time. In telling his story she brings prehistory dramatically to life.

Meetings of cultures arouse strong feelings. In this volume, nineteen scholars from Denmark, France, Georgia, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, and Ukraine present a profound discussion covering various topics from the physical arena of the colonial encounters, to the layout of land and protection of cities, to the dynamics of the cultural exchange, to the perception of how it was to be Greek in the Pontic realm, and finally, to be reciprocal strategies exerted by the Greeks and Scythians in the Olbia as described in Herodotos's Skythian Tale. Through the many-sided contributions it is revealed how the self and the other are two sides of the same coin - yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

Mithridates VI Eupator, the last king of Pontos, was undoubtedly one of the most prominent figures in the late Hellenistic period. Throughout his long reign (120-63 BC), the political and cultural landscape of Asia Minor and the Black Sea area was reshaped along new lines. The authors present new archaeological research and new interpretations of various aspects of Pontic society and its contacts with the Greek world and its eastern neighbours and investigate the background for the expansion of the Pontic Kingdom that eventually led to the confrontation with Rome.

As indicated by the title, this volume focuses on an area of conflict that became decisive for the development of Christianity, i.e. which group of texts should be regarded as normative for the preaching of the Christian faith, and how these texts should be interpreted. Several centuries were to pass however before there was consensus in the Church on this matter. There were no foregone conclusions and a great number of disputes aros

Political and economic developments after the implosion of the Sovjet Union have not been easy, nor have outcomes been similar. In this book the different trajectories of political development in post-communist countries are traced through cases from within the post-communist region that exhibit maximum variation in terms of both background variables and outcome. Six countries -- Kazakhstan, Geogia, Estonia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Poland -- have been selected. Following the Tocquevillian tradition, a 'method' of indirect comparison where in-depth knowledge of a country based on linguistics and history is held up against existing concepts, six country specialists have drawn broad pictures of what characterises 'their' country in terms of political and economic reform, state building and nation building, at the same time placing developments within the international context. The book argues that the elite constellation along two dimensions -- consensus about the direction of policy and institutions, and the extent of inclusion of elite interests in decision making -- is specific to each country and points to the direction of future developments.

The Bible has been called the 'Book of Books'. In Western culture it is considered a literary work and it has a central role in both the Jewish and Christian religions. The Bible has inspired writing and has also provoked contradiction. It has not only had a normative function for future poets, but philosophers and scien-tists have also applied biblical motives and have struggled with biblical ideas to formulate new thoughts. Drawing on examples from the works of Torgny Lindgren, Philip Pullman, Milan Kundera and Martin A Hansen, the first part of this volume begins be examining the reception and transforma-tion of the Bible in literature. Then, using examples from Søren Kierkegaard, K E Løgstrup and Paul Ricoeur, the second part goes on to explore the reception and transformation of the Bible in philosophy, considering also its reception within evolutionary theory. The third and last part, deals with the Bible's reception and transformation in religious communities, and considers, inter alia: the role of the Torah in Judaism -- both as text and as arte-fact; and, the Bible, as a model for Christian ideas, as a challenge to scriptural performance and as a norm for the images of God in modern hymns. All three sections of the book are introduced by some general reflections offering a framework for the individual articles. The Book of Books is still a work that inspires new thoughts. The aim of this book is thus to challenge and provoke readers to further discussion on the authority of the Bible.