Groups of burial mounds may be among the most tangible and visible remains of Europe's prehistoric past. Yet, not much is known on how "barrow landscapes" came into being . This book deals with that topic, by presenting the results of archaeological research carried out on a group of just two barrows that crown a small hilltop near the Echoput ("echo-well") in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. In 2007, archaeologists of the Ancestral Mounds project of Leiden University carried out an excavation of parts of these mounds and their immediate environment. They discovered that these mounds are rare examples of monumental barrows from the later part of the Iron Age. They were probably built at the same time, and their similarities are so conspicuous that one might speak of "twin barrows". The research team was able to reconstruct the long-term history of this hilltop. We can follow how the hilltop that is now deep in the forests of the natural reserve of the Kroondomein Het Loo, once was an open place in the landscape. With pragmatism not unlike our own, we see how our prehistoric predecessors carefully managed and maintained the open area for a long time, before it was transformed into a funerary site. The excavation yielded many details on how people built the barrows by cutting and arranging heather sods, and how the mounds were used for burial rituals in the Iron Age.

The Coptic monastery and cemetery Deir el-Bachit stands on the hilltop of Dra' Abu el-Naga, the well-known necropolis in Qurna (West Bank, Luxor). It is the largest Coptic monastery complex preserved in Western Thebes and the first monastery that has been systematically investigated. The excavation of the monastery was started as a DFG-Project des Ägyptologischen Instituts der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen in close collaboration with the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Abteilung Kairo. Until the start of the investigations in 2001 with a survey, little research was done. After three seasons of preliminary research, full archaeological research was started in 2004. The leatherwork was studied in 2007, the present volume of which presents the results. The book consists of two parts: the analysis and a detailed catalogue, including colour images of all finds and, where necessary, line drawings. The finds are analysed within the framework of the excavation as well as within the frameworks of the Ancient Egyptian Leatherwork Project and the Ancient Egyptian Footwear Project (www.leatherandshoes.nl).

DUTCH DESCRIPTION: In het werk en onderzoek van Eric Lohof staat de Nederlandse prehistorie centraal, en die van het Neolithicum en de Bronstijd in het bijzonder. Ter ere van Eric's pensioen in 2011 is rondom dit onderwerp een feestbundel samengesteld met bijdragen van vrienden, collega's en vakgenoten. In deze bijzondere samenwerking tussen archeologen uit de academische wereld en de private sector is een dwarsdoorsnede geschetst van wat de Nederlandse prehistorische archeologie te bieden heeft. Het richt zich op de nieuwe technische ontwikkelingen in het steentijdonderzoek en op de mogelijkheden om meer informatie te halen uit de archeologie van bekergraven. Ook is er ruimte voor de ontsluiting van ouder en nog niet eerder gepubliceerd onderzoek van urnenvelden uit het westen, oosten en noorden van het land. Tegelijkertijd reflecteren archeologen op oudere opgravingen en prospectietechnieken en op het grafritueel gedurende de periode van de lineaire bandkeramiek, de geschiedenis van het onderzoek naar grafheuvels en een kritische blik op de Indicatieve Kaart voor Archeologische Waarden (IKAW).Tenslotte biedt deze bundel ook interessante exposés over onderwerpen die maar zelden aan bod komen. Publicaties over visserij in de Bronstijd en de vernietigende kracht van de paalworm die leidde tot de eerste archeologische monumentenwet blijken fascinerende onderzoeksterreinen. Wat deze bundel verbindt is de inhoud en reikwijdte van de onderwerpen. Ze illustreren de brede belangstelling en passie van Eric Lohof voor zijn vak. ENGLISH DESCRIPTION: This book is a festschrift for the Dutch archaeologist Eric Lohof who retired in 2011. Friends and collegues from both academic institutions and archaeological companies contributed to this collection of articles on Dutch prehistoric archaeology. Dutch Language Edition.

The ancient Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna (or Amarna, ancient Akhetaten) was the short-lived capital built by the controversial Pharaoh Akhenaten, probably the father of the famous Tutankhamun, and abandoned shortly after his death (c. 1336 BCE). It is one of the few Pharaonic cities to have been thoroughly excavated and is a rich source of information about the daily life of the ancient Egyptians. This volume, the first of two, presents the leatherwork excavated at the site by these various expeditions. The book consists of two parts: the catalogue and the preliminary analysis. The former presents the detailed description of the objects (among which chariot leather and footwear), accompanied by colour photographs and, where necessary, line- and construction drawings. The latter includes an explanation of the Amarna Leatherwork Project as well as preliminary interpretations of the finds.

German Description: Im Fruehjahr 1951 berichteten alle Zeitungen in den Niederlanden von einer international bedeutenden archäologischen Entdeckung: der Ausgrabung eines groáen fruehmittelalterlichen Gräberfeldes bei Rhenen in der Provinz Utrecht. Das Reihengräberfeld auf dem Donderberg umfasste mehr als 1100 Gräber, die vom vierten bis zum achten Jahrhundert datieren. Es wurden auf einer Gesamtfläche von etwa 1250m etwa 300 Brandbestattungen und 820 Körperbestattungen dokumentiert, darueber hinaus 14 Pferdegräber. Circa 830 Gräber enthielten Beigaben, insgesamt 3000 Objekte: davon ueber 850 Keramikgefäáe, Dutzende von Glasgefäáen, wie Becher und Schälchen, auáerdem Hunderte von Objekten die den Kategorien Schmuck, Perlen, Waffen und Werkzeuge zuzuordnen sind. Das Gräberfeld befand sich an der Westflanke einer Moräne, die im fruehen Mittelalter intensiv bewohnt und genutzt wurde. Der Donderberg war ein bedeutender Ort, den die Menschen ueber Jahrhunderte ihrer Bestattungsriten wegen immer wieder aufsuchten. In diesem Bereich hat die Gemeinschaft an der gleichen Stelle und nahezu in der gleichen Weise während vier Jahrhunderten - das entspricht etwa zwanzig Generationen - von etwa 375 bis 750 nach Chr. ihre Toten bestattet. Dieser Zeitraum umfasst den Übergang von der Spätantike ueber die Zeit der Merowinger/Franken bis zum Beginn des Christentums in den Niederlanden. Das Gräberfeld von Rhenen ist eine reiche Quelle fuer die Untersuchungen zu Kontinuität und Wandel in der Völkerwanderungszeit. Trotz der internationalen Aufmerksamkeit, die die Ausgrabungen im Jahre 1951 fanden, blieben die Funde aus Rhenen weitgehend auáerhalb des Blickfelds und fanden damit in vergleichenden Studien und Verbreitungskarten zumeist keine Beruecksichtigung. Genau sechzig Jahre nach der Ausgrabung dieses wichtigen, unweit der deutschen Grenze gelegenen Gräberfeldes sorgt der vorliegende wissenschaftliche Katalog endlich fuer eine vollständige Materialvorlage der Gräber vom Donderberg. English Description: In the spring of 1951 Dutch newspapers wrote about an archaeological discovery of international importance: the excavation of an enormous early medieval cemetery near Rhenen (province of Utrecht). This 'Reihengräberfeld', situated on the 'Donderberg', contained over 1100 graves that were dated between the fourth and eighth century A.D. Around 830 graves contained artefacts including over 850 ceramic pots, numerous fragments of glass objects and hundreds of pieces of jewellery, pearls, arms and tools. This extensive catalogue, describing all 1100 graves separately, is the first publication of this extraordinary archaeological site.

This books discusses one of the most frequently discussed subjects in history education during the last two decades, namely how secondary school pupils use the World Wide Web for their learning activities. Based on two case studies in two Dutch schools, the book shows some ways in which the use of the Web has changed history education in at least three respects: first, the findings of the two case studies show that the Web has a huge potential to turn the history class - previously described as boring and too abstract - into a livelier and more attractive environment, where concepts, events, phenomena and processes of the past almost always have textual and/or [audio]visual representations; second, strong indications were observed showing that the Web fosters historical understanding, not only by triggering thinking processes that take pupils beyond the shown contents, but also by prompting them to evaluate sources and sample relevant fragments for their assignments; third, the Web has brought into history education sources that were previously excluded, including those described as unconventional. This book shows, among other things, that convergence is underway on both the user side - since pupils use both conventional and unconventional online sources - and the content-production side, where heritage institutions are increasingly getting involved in unconventional platforms like Wikipedia. The latter emerged from the two case studies as the most popular source of historical information, while the websites of heritage institutions tended to appear at the bottom of the list of references. Unlike personal sites, which also scored better, heritage sites face some obstacles, including the still dominant desire to preserve institutions' identity and uniqueness, conservatism - which often prevents the redefinition of collection management tasks -, and the tax-payers' dilemma. For that reason, collections are not hyperlinked and, therefore, remain invisible and not easy to find online.

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of all time. It took Carter and his team 10 years to clear the contents of the tomb and among the objects found was a large collection of shoes and sandals. The footwear is analysed here in detail for the first time since the discovery using Carter's records and Harry Burton's excellent photographs along with the author's analyses of the objects, all of which are housed in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo and the Luxor Museum. Several specialists contributed to the volume discussing the different materials (gold, vegetable fibre, birch bark, glass and faience, leather, gemstones) that were used in the footwear. Tutankhamun's footwear is compared with other finds in order to be able to put it in a broader context. The footwear from the tomb of Yuya and Tjuiu, the King's great-grandparents, are, therefore, analysed as well. In addition to the analysis, footwear in texts and two- and three-dimensional art is considered.

Ductch Description:In de Vroege Middeleeuwen maakte het kustgebied van Zuid-Holland deel uit van West-Friesland. Van menselijke aanwezigheid in deze periode getuigen niet alleen enkele historische bronnen en oude plaatsnamen, maar vooral archeologische vondsten. Dit boek geeft voor het eerst een gedetailleerd overzicht van de bewoningsgeschiedenis van de estuaria van de Oude Rijn en Maas tussen circa 270 en 900 na Chr. , met tal van nieuwe inzichten. Door de rijkdom aan archeologische gegevens ligt de nadruk op de Oude Rijnstreek. Aan de hand van hoofdstukken over het toenmalige landschap, archeologische vindplaatsen, nederzettingen, huisbouwtraditie en handelscontacten, wordt gekeken welke plaats Zuid-Holland op cultureel en politiek vlak innam ten opzichte van de omliggende gebieden. Daarbij wordt ook ingegaan op de vraag naar de tribale verhoudingen langs de Hollandse kust en wat het etiket 'Fries' daarbij voorstelt. Dit heeft ook gevolgen voor onze kijk op het Friese koninkrijk. Menno Dijkstra (Lisse, 1971) studeerde in 1996 af aan het Instituut voor Pre- en Protohistorie van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, met als specialisatie de archeologie van de Middeleeuwen en Nieuwe tijd. In 1997 begon zijn promotieonderzoek bij het Frisia Project. Dit proefschrift is daar het resultaat van. Momenteel is hij werkzaam als senior archeoloog. English Description: Menno Dijkstra has attempted to reconstruct the habitation history of the western Netherlands (Zuid-Holland) between 270 and 900 A.D. In this book he analyses landscape, archaeological sites, settlements, building traditions and connections through trade. This book sheds new light on Zuid-Holland in the early Medieval period and might change our view of the Frisian kingdom.

Dutch description: Het rijengrafveld op de Donderberg bij Rhenen (provincie Utrecht) is de grootste, langst gebruikte en mogelijk rijkste vroegmiddeleeuwse begraafplaats van Nederland. Het bevatte ruim 1100 graven uit de vierde tot en met achtste eeuw na Chr.: circa 300 crematies, 820 lijkbegravingen en 14 paardengraven. Uit de grafkuilen zijn meer dan 3000 voorwerpen geborgen, die zich nu in het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden bevinden. Ze vormen opvallend rijke collecties sieraden, kralen, glaswerk, keramiek (meer dan 850 stuks), wapens, werktuigen en hergebruikt Romeins materiaal. Landschappelijk bevindt het grafveld zich op de oostelijke punt van een stuwwal, die ook andere vroegmiddeleeuwse vondsten opleverde, waaronder een goudschat en een muntschat, maar ook rijke prehistorische graven. Op de Donderberg hebben mensen hun doden op hetzelfde terrein en op min of meer dezelfde wijze begraven tussen circa 375 en 750 na Chr., omgerekend zo'n twintig generaties lang. Deze periode omvat de overgang van de Laat-Romeinse tijd naar die van Friezen, Franken, Saksen en de introductie van het christendom. Maar is er iets van die 'etiketten' terug te vinden in de begravingen? Het Rhenense grafveld werd in het voorjaar van 1951 opgegraven. Hoewel wetenschappers, pers en publiek direct het belang van de vondst inzagen, bleef de Donderberg ongepubliceerd. Dit boekje is het resultaat van het Odyssee-project 'Reviving Rhenen', samen met een wetenschappelijke catalogus en een tentoonstelling in Museum Het Rondeel in Rhenen. Samen brengen ze dit omvangrijke vroegmiddeleeuwse complex over het voetlicht, precies zestig jaar na de ontdekking ervan. English Description: The early medieval cemetery situated on the 'Donderberg' near Rhenen (province of Utrecht) is the largest of its kind in the Netherlands. It contained over 1100 graves that were dated between the fourth and eighth century A.D. This book provides insight into the nature of this site and the people that were buried here. Over 3000 artefacts were discovered including ceramic and glass, and also many pieces of magnificent jewellery. Beautiful photographs illustrate this story intended for a broad audience.

This final report describes the study of an exceptionally well-preserved Iron Age building discovered in northern Burkina Faso, West Africa. The site of Oursi hu-beero, meaning "the big house of Oursi" in the locally spoken Songhay language, was excavated in 2000 and 2001 by a scientific team from the universities of Frankfurt am Main and Ouagadougou. It is situated in the middle of a group of settlement mounds, nearby the modern village of Oursi. In the year 2000, deep erosion gullies were threatening the architectural remains on the surface, which were provisionally dated to the 10th century AD. Scholars from both universities saw the importance of this site and undertook immediate action. But even they were not prepared for what they uncovered under only one metre of destruction debris. The rich diversity of incredible finds in the 25 different rooms rendered their exposure of enormous importance for the archaeology and history of Burkina Faso. Complete storage jars, metal equipment, wooden furniture, rope and textile fragments, grinding stones and charred botanical remains are only a fraction of the total assemblage of finds. Although we are dealing with the results of a single occupation phase and from one building only, the density of finds, the preservation of the architecture and the absence of later disturbances add considerably to our understanding of daily life in this part of West Africa. Up to now the limited contextual information about life in villages and towns prior to the historical periods has promoted divergent and weakly argued interpretations. This volume breaks open new grounds of investigation and calls for further study. Additionally, the editors hope that this report will stimulate and encourage the discussion between historians and archaeologists of the fascinating West African past. The current volume presents an introduction to the expedition, an analysis of the site formation processes, the presentation of the architectural features, in-depth studies of the findings and a lively account of the heritage management project that resulted in an on-site museum. Nine authors contributed to this rich and multifaceted final report. The account of the construction, intensive use, violent destruction and subsequent rediscovery of the building is the enthralling subject of this volume, which is richly illustrated with numerous coloured drawings, photographs, maps and reconstruction drawings. It melds archaeological, historical and environmental data into a thrilling story. A story that reads like a new Crime Scene Investigation episode but happens to have been a real-life tragedy in the African Sahel almost 1,000 years ago.

Sharing Knowledge & Cultural Heritage (SK&CH), First Nations of the Americas, testifies to the growing commitment of museum professionals in the twenty-first century to share collections with the descendants of people and communities from whom the collections originated. Thanks to collection histories and the documenting of relations with particular indigenous communities, it is well known that until as recently as the 1970s, museum doors - except for a handful of cases - were shut to indigenous peoples.This volume is the result of an "expert meeting" held in November 2007 at the National Museum of Ethnology (NME) in Leiden, the Netherlands. Since then SK&CH projects have developed. The NME invited leading indigenous as well as non-native professional experts in the field from the Americas and Europe to explore and discuss case studies based on fieldwork, collecting material culture and/or work with indigenous communities in Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, North America and Central and South America.

Since 2005, Dutch artist Ida van der Lee's Allerzielen Alom (or All Souls' All Around) project, as well as its various offshoots, have flowered throughout the Netherlands. In doing so they have brought a diverse public of various ages and religious as well as non-religious backgrounds together at the end of October or the beginning of November at hospitably decorated cemeteries and crematoria. Here, after dusk, these visitors were given various chances to commemorate their dearly departed using everyday objects to perform small ritual acts. Afterwards, strong feelings of togetherness were expressed, both with the other visitors as well as the deceased. Judging by the standards of the secularisation hypothesis, the success of this project would seem highly unlikely. The expressed feelings of being together with the dead in such public spaces by congregations ranging into the thousands goes against its claims regarding the growing individualisation, privatisation and disenchantment of our Western world. What then, is behind the success of this phenomenon? This book takes a grassroots approach to answering that and related questions. By combining concepts from the field of rituals studies with those from the field of material culture studies, it will focus on the roll of simple objects in the development as well as the success of Allerzielen Alom and its various offshoots. To achieve this, five different Allerzielen Alom or related celebrations were visited and their organisers interviewed. On the basis of that material, an interesting image is formed of the fundamental importance of material culture in the development of a new emerging ritual tradition.

Communities in Contact represents the outcome of the Fourth International Leiden in the Caribbean symposium entitled From Prehistory to Ethnography in the circum-Caribbean. The contributions included in this volume cover a wide range of topics from a variety of disciplines - archaeology, bioarchaeology, ethnohistory and ethnography - revolving around the themes of mobility and exchange, culture contact, and settlement and community. The application of innovative approaches and the multi-dimensional character of these essays have provided exiting new perspectives on the indigenous communities of the circum-Caribbean and Amazonian regions throughout prehistory until the present.

This study represents a contribution to the pre-Colonial archaeology of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. The research aimed to determine how the Ceramic Age (c. 400 BC - AD 1492) Amerindian inhabitants of the region related to one another and others at various geographic scales, with a view to better understanding social interaction and organisation within the Windward Islands as well the integration of this region within the macro-region. This research approached the study of intra- and inter-island interaction and social development through an island-by-island study of some 640 archaeological sites and their ceramic assemblages. Besides providing insight into settlement sequences, patterns and micro-mobility through time, it also highlighted various configurations of sites spread across different islands that were united by shared ceramic (decorative) traits. These configurations were more closely examined by taking recourse to graph-theory. By extending the comparative scope of this research to the Greater Antilles and the South American mainland, possible material cultural influences from more distant regions could be suggested. While Windward Island communities certainly developed a localised material cultural identity, they remained open to a host of wide-ranging influences outside the Windward Island micro-region. As such, rather than representing a cultural backwater operating in the periphery of a burgeoning Taíno empire, it is argued that Windward Island communities actively and flexibly realigned themselves with several mainland South American societies in Late Ceramic Age times (c. AD 700-1500), forging and maintaining significant ties and exchange relationships. Alistair Bright was a member of the Caribbean Research Group at Leiden University from 2003 to 2010 and participated in numerous archaeological surveys and excavations in the Caribbean during that time. His research interests include the archaeology, ethnohistory and ethnography of the Caribbean and South America, as well as the archaeology of island societies throughout the world in general.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of Animism as a religion and a culture of the Nilotic peoples of the Upper River Nile in modern "Southern Sudan". It gives an account of how the animistic ritual performances of the divine chief-priests are strategies in conflict management and resolution. For centuries, the Nilotic peoples have been resisting changes to new religious identities and conservatively remained Animists. Their current interactions with the external world, however, have transformed their religious identities. At present, the Nilotics are Animist-Christians or Animist-Muslims. This does not mean that the converted Nilotics relinquish Animism and become completely assimilated to the new religious prophetic dogmas, instead, they develop compatible religious practices of Animism, Christianity and Islam. New Islamic fundamentalism in Sudan which is sweeping Africa into Islamic religious orthodoxy, where Sharia (Islamic law) is the law of the land, rejects this compatibility and categorises the Nilotics as "heathens" and "apostates". Such characterisation engenders opposing religious categories, with one side urging Sharia and the other for what this study calls "gradable" culture. Kuel Jok is a researcher at the Department of World Cultures at the University of Helsinki. In Sudan, Jok obtained a degree in English Linguistics and Literature and diplomas in Philosophy and Translation. He also studied International Law in Egypt. In Europe, Jok acquired an MA in Sociology from the University of Joensuu, Finland and a PhD in the same field from the University of Helsinki, Finland.

Everyone would agree that urban development, especially when involving the building of residential areas, should be accompanied by sufficient and good public infrastructure and facilities. We all want neighbourhoods with the necessary roads, green areas, social facilities, affordable housing and public spaces of high quality. At the same time, nowadays, governments are facing severe cuts in public expenditure. So who is going to pay for all that quality? In the Netherlands and in many other countries, achieving these public goals has become a problem, especially in the regeneration of deteriorated inner-city sites. This book offers insight in how the economic value increase that arises from urban development can serve to finance the quality we want, without the need for public subsidies. The findings and recommendations made in this book focus on Western Europe, mainly on successful and alternatively less successful recent experiences in Spain, England and the Netherlands. Public bodies can use the recommendations to create the necessary conditions to improve the involvement of property developers and landowners in the financing of infrastructure and facilities. Property developers and landowners can find formulas for private-public partnership that can lead to lower development costs and risks, allowing them to pay for good infrastructure and facilities while maintaining profitability. Scholars will find here the theoretical backgrounds for this relevant topic. The author has both an academic and a professional background in the practice of urban development.