Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens - Volume 5

Burial Mounds of Bahrain - Social Complexity in Early Dilmun

This volume addresses a wide range of issues concerning the economic exchanges that took place within the Black Sea region, and between the Black Sea and Mediterranean areas from about 700 BC to AD 200. The contributing scholars of ancient history and archaeology consider old and new evidence in order to shed new light on central aspects of the economic relationship that existed between these two eminently important regions in antiquity. The authors offer novel approaches and propound a number of fresh interpretations to key questions concerning the relationship between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. The overarching question is whether the Black Sea and the Mediterranean were organically linked and thus complemented each other in economic terms.

Text in Danish. Roma betyder menneske og er sigøjnernes betegnelse for sig selv. Gennem tusind år på kanten af de europæiske samfund har romaerne formået at bevare deres eget sprog og en særegen kultur. I denne bog videregiver forfatterne indtryk og erfaringer fra rejser til vidt forskellige romamiljøer i 12 lande. Fortællingen begynder i Indien, romaernes "moderland", og slutter i Skandinavien, hvor romaerne kæmper for at blive en anerkendt del af et moderne samfund. Undervejs overværer vi religiøse ritualer i Frankrig og deltager i farvestrålende flamencofester i Spanien. Vi følger den barske hverdag i Slovakiets og Tjekkiets grå ghettoer og besøger en by i Makedonien, hvor romaerne har egen borgmester og eget bystyre. I ord og billeder tegner forfatterne et billede af et folk, der har været forfulgt og forkætret gennem århundreder - fra slaveriet i middelalderens Rumænien til nazisternes terror i det 20. århundrede - men som altid har formået at rejse sig igen. Med udvidelsen af EU er de fleste romaer samlet inden for samme politiske fællesskab, og for første gang i historien er der tegn på, at romaerne organiserer sig politisk og kan komme til at udgøre en magtfaktor i fremtidens Europa.

The two volumes of 'The Archaeology of Medieval Europe' will together comprise the first complete account of medieval archaeology across Europe. Archaeologists from academic institutions in fifteen countries are collaborating to produce these two books of sixteen thematic chapters each. In addition, every chapter will feature a number of 'box-texts', by specialist contributors, highlighting sites or themes of particular importance. The books will be comprehensively illustrated throughout, in both colour and b/w, including line drawings and specially commissioned maps. This ground-breaking set, which is divided chronologically into two (Volume 1 extending from the 8th-12th centuries AD, and Volume 2 from the 12th-16th centuries -- available 2008), will enable readers to track the development of different cultures, and of regional characteristics, throughout the full extent of medieval Catholic Europe. In addition to revealing shared contexts and technological developments, the complete work will also provide the opportunity for demonstrating the differences that were inevitably present across the Continent -- from Iceland to Italy, and from Portugal to Finland -- and to study why such existed.

Grauballe Man is one of Denmark's best-preserved bog bodies, originally discovered in 1952. He had been killed by having his throat slit before being laid in the bog. Although scientific tests were carried out in 1952, it was felt that technological advancements warranted further testing in 2001-2. This large and well-presented book, excellent value for money, is intended both to present the result of these tests and to deliver a comprehensive portrait of Grauballe Man. Chapters deal with the 1952 discovery and conservation, then detail the new scientific proceedures. Additional information is supplied on his intestines and gut contents, his teeth and jaw, his hair, and dating is attempted more precisely. The book concludes by placing the experiences of Grauballe man in the context of other European bog bodies and examines the religious significance of boglands and human sacrifice in the Iron Age.

In Scandinavia as elsewhere, cryptocrystalline rocks such as flint were an integral part of peoples' lives during prehistory. Knowledge about flint, its properties, its uses, and its many names, was no doubt transmitted through the generations as part of everyday life. As archaeologists, we are interested in how prehistoric people dealt with flint and what they might have seen as the strengths and weaknesses of the various kinds of flint available. But in order to answer such questions it is necessary that we are able to talk to each other about flint in an informed and informative manner. Scandinavian Flint proposes a classification into 17 types for use by archaeologists. Flint types are described and evaluated in terms of knappability, limitations posed by nodule size, and prehistoric availability, rather than in terms of morphogenesis or chemical composition. Flint formation, geographic distribution of flint sources in Scandinavia, provenience studies, and patination are discussed in detail. Scandinavian Flint is a useful guide for archaeologists working with flint.

Since 1970, the Bahrain National Museum has excavated thousands of graves from the so-called Tylos period (c. 300 BC to AD 600). The results of these excavations are now being published. The first volume presents c. 300 glass vessels from East Roman and Mesopotamian workshops, and c. 1800 pottery vessels of local produce. The interpretation of this material has made possible a new chronology of the Tylos period, and casts new light on relations between the Hellenistic Kingdoms and the Roman Empire on the one side and The Arabic region and the East on the other. Volume 2 will present two selected cemeteries from Bahrain and will outline the evolution of graves and burial customs throughout the Tylos period.

This book provides insight into the young generations relations and experiences with pornography. The book is based on a unique and comprehensive study giving voice to the words and opinions of the young people themselves. Never before have pornography and sexualised material been so readily available and pervasive in young people's everyday life. TV programmes, advertising, and the music industry exploit and play with pornographic codes and scenarios. The sex industry launches and promotes its products via youth channels and websites. How do young people navigate through this pornographic landscape? Does the omnipresence of pornography breed curiosity or resistance? How does pornography challenge the role of parents and teachers? The book provides answers to these questions and presents a unique body of new research on youth, gender and pornography. The study shows that the vast majority of young people in the Nordic countries have seen porn. But young people do not swallow the pornographic messages without resistance, and some are very critical of or actively opposed to them. It is very seldom that the voices of young people are heard in the public debate on pornography. In the book focus is set on the voices, definitions and experiences with pornography of young people themselves. The book contains contributions from leading researchers from different academic fields: sociology, psychology, media research, social work and public health.

A group of 16 scholars from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, Finland, Germany and USA explore the changes that had taken place in the conception of the North during the 18th century, changes that were a symptom of an ambivalent understanding of the North vis-à-vis the South. From antiquity to Montesquieu, the North could be considered a Dystopia and a Utopia -- a barbaric margin of Europe, but also an area of freedom, natural strength, and robust women who were any man's equal. The book, drawing on travel accounts of the period, is thus historical, but it is conceived under the optics of modern multiculturalism and cultural clashes. The study encompasses areas ranging from botany and geography, to Nordic literature and language, to science and the arts. The book will appeal to students and scholars in the interdisciplinary fields of literary studies, cultural studies, anthropology, history and most European language studies.

We tend to think of a feud as being a long established state of hostilities, especially between families or clans, which normally manifests itself in revengeful violence. One of the articles in this volume thus states: "What began as a dispute over the property rights of a woman to whom both parties were related quickly mutated into a violent clash between men, in which honour and reputation were at stake -- and from here to a full-blown feud the distance was rather short". However, the studies of feuds presented in this publication leave no doubt that they were very different in different societies. The phenomenon of feud turns out to be intimately connected with developments in society and state. Consequently, in recent years a growing interest has been aroused in further researching the topic and the aim of this book is therefore to present some of the principal positions of this new research. Contributions by leading scholars in the field cover a large span of years, from the classic Icelandic feuds of the Sagas to more recent Early-Modern incidents. One contribution even takes us back to the roots of mankind, but the focus of the book is mainly on the Medieval and Early-Modern period. The volume is opened with a comprehensive introduction to the field, followed by a chapter that seeks general definitions. Hereafter, we are presented with specific cases of Icelandic women from the Sagas who promote feuds, studies of feuds in 14th century Marseilles, Italian Medieval vendettas, and feuding in Medieval Germany and Denmark.

In this volume Bjørneboe seeks to establish the interrelations among the three known works of the Cairene historian al-Jabarti: namely, Ta'rikh muddat al-Faransis bi-Misr mn sanat 1213 ila' sanat 1216 (composed 1799), Mazhar al-tagdis bi'zawal dawlat al-Faransis (composed 1801) and Aja'ib al-Athar fi'l tarajim wa'l akhbar (composed 1805-6). These chronicles, and particularly the last two, are the best known narrative sources in Arabic for the entire period of Ottoman rule in Egypt (1517-1798) until the rise of Mehmet Ali Pasha. They have been widely published, edited and translated into European languages, but in spite of this, no systematic analysis of their textual relationships has been undertaken until now. Through a textual approach Bjørneboe seeks to discover al-Jabarti's underlying political ideology, as well as the intellectual and political context within which he worked. Bjørneboe concludes that the first of al-Jabartis chronicles, the MS Mudda (1799) constitutes a contribution to a debate among Cairene 'ulama as to how the 'ulama should respond to the new French masters. This and the following editions were written under the patronage of the shaykh al-Sadat, one of Egypt's leading 'ulama at the time. Al-Jabarti promotes the view that the 'ulama should cooperate with the French only when absolute necessary in contrast to the selfserving conduct of other top 'ulama, notably shaykh 'Abdallah al-Sharqawi. The MS Mazhar (1801) reflects the situation when the returning Ottomans were meeting serious opposition in their attempt to bring Egypt back under direct Ottoman rule, while the MS Aja'ib (1805) should be seen as a plea for an ideal government with Mehmet 'Ali as the just ruler who governs in consultation with the 'ulama. So it is possible to demonstrate that the different versions of al-Jabarti's text all had their separate, specific purpose and were revised to accommodate to changing political circumstances. But throughout the twenty years al-Jabarti spent reworking his text he still attempted to formulate the true political position of the 'ulama.

In this, the first of six volumes, the main results of the excavations which the University of Oslo carried out at Kaupang 1998-2003 are presented. A completely new picture is put forward of the port that the adventurer Ohthere visited in c. 890. It is now clear that Kaupang was one of the four Scandinavian towns that were founded around the year 800. Kaupang is connected to the power centre of Skiringssal, to the Ynglings - the legendary Norwegian royal lineage, and to the King of the Danes - the dominant political actor in south-west Scandinavia. Kaupang is shown to have had several of the same features revealed in Birka, Hedeby and Ribe - i.e., a compact permanent settlement, divided into small plots, each with a dwelling. The town could have had 400-800 inhabitants. Substantial traces of trade and craftwork are proof of the main areas of occupation. Advanced geo- and environmental-archaeological analyses have played a large role in interpreting the finds. Documentary sources indicate that Skiringssal was an important royal seat in the 700s and 800s. In the book these sources are put together with the archaeological and toponymical sources which, united, show a centre of power with a clear likeness to similar places in Denmark and Sweden. A hall or sal building, presumably the Skirings-sal itself, was excavated at Huseby, near Kaupang. Nearby, a thing site is situated by a holy lake. In this, the Yngling kings' centre of power, to which many people came to attend thing meetings and sacrificial feasts, the town Kaupang was founded. In nine of the book's 20 chapters, the excavations' finds, analyses and results are presented. In three chapters, 200 years of research on Kaupang and Skiringssal are summarised, while in the remaining eight chapters an endeavour is made to re-establish the holistic approach to Skiringssal which dominated research during the first 100 years.

The last five years have seen a series of much called for publications on rural Cyprus, but most of the projects address the late Roman period. The excavations at Panayia Ematousa offer the first insight into a rural site of the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Volume one presents the results of the Danish excavation of the site (1991-1999). Volume two contains a series of contributions discussing neglected issues within the period based in part on the results of the excavations.

Guidance and counselling cover many different professional and research areas, all in relation to helping people finding directions in life (ie: ways which are meaningful to each individual and fruitful in relation to the wider society). This anthology provides an overview of and an insight into Nordic and in particular Danish guidance and counselling issues. The contributions stretch from career guidance over supervision to philosophical counselling, thus depicting the breadth of the Nordic guidance and counselling field. The authors represent a network of experts within sociology, education, psychology, ethnology, informatics and philosophy -- all focused on guidance and counselling.

Prince Christian Frederik (1786-1848) became King Christian VIII of Denmark in 1839. His accession to the throne took place at the end of Denmark's 'Golden Age' -- a period haunted by national bankruptcy but, notably, due to a few men of vision also a period in which painting, poetry and science developed intensively. Because of his intelligence, energy and patronage of the arts, King Christian VIII became one of the entrepreneurs of Danish cultural life. After his death in 1848, the King's collection became state property and was transferred to the National Museum. In 1998, in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the King's death, the National Museum arranged a symposium where a series of papers were presented about the King as a collector and about the importance of the collections. This book, lavishly illustrated with photographs of the collection and other artefacts, contains the symposium papers, which have been revised and expanded.