A report on the excavation of three sites which revealed evidence of change in landscape use. An extensive series was found to run along much of the North side of the Blackwater estuary. Discoveries include Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Saxon remains at Slough House, Chigborough and Howell's Farms.

^Aby S.E. West and A. McLaughlin ^DThe volume contains the results of a fieldwalking survey (with results from the prehistoric to medieval periods), information gained from standing buildings, surviving hedgerows and remaining earthworks, all integrated with the main documentary surveys (mainly manorial surveys from the late sixteenth and late seventeenth centuries), and maps depicting land use, tenements, tenant's holdings and free and copyhold land, derived from scrutiny of the main documentary sources. The result is an overall view of the landscape history of the parish, presented with the acknowledgement that much work remains to be done on the numerous original documents that exist.

The initial occupation of the site dates from the Middle Iron Age, represented by pottery and a single building. In the Late Iron Age an enclosure containing a small building was constructed. During the Conquest period a larger triple-ditched defensive enclosure with a central roundhouse was constructed to the south-east of the initial enclosure. The ditches were rapidly backfilled but the site continued in use as a farmstead until the late 3rd or early 4th century. Throughout the Romano-British period the enclosure boundaries were altered, and new buildings added. By the late 1st century the roundhouse had been replaced by an aisled domestic building, this in turn being replaced in the 3rd century by a second aisled building. In the mid 3rd century, four pottery kilns producing coarseware were constructed within the enclosure. Occupation of the site in the Early Saxon period is evidenced by five sunken-featured buildings. The archaeological features were well preserved and detailed post-excavation work has identified c.50 structures, including several previously unrecognised types of building. Large quantities of ceramic finds related to the Romano-British pottery kilns were recovered, as well as Late Iron Age and Saxon assemblages. Notable among the finds is a group of Late Iron Age spearheads associated with the backfill of the defensive enclosure.

The Jubilee Line extension runs through Westminster and north Southwark, traversing some of the most archaeologically sensitive areas of London. The tunnels themselves are so deep that they pass well below any archaeological remains, but there have to be a myriad of holes connecting the tunnels with the surface. This booklet accompanied by colour photographs gives a basic outline of the archaeological remains uncovered during the construction work, from prehistoric tools to a medieval abbey.

Seemingly contradictory ideas of privacy and community dominate Ottoman cities. While houses are internally divided to guard female modesty behind a frontage studded with peep-holes, streets in cities like Amasya are often bridged by first-floor passageways between different houses. This book contains 17 papers by architects and archaeologists looking at how the Ottoman house was structured, how it has varied over time and space, and how surviving examples are faring in a world of breeze-block construction. Although the examples discussed are all Near Eastern, and mostly from Turkey, the revelations this book contains about structuring principles will make it a valuable companion to understanding architectural relics from all over the Ottoman Empire.

Two-Volume Set. This is the last volume in the series of reports from the Danish excavations on the ancient Tall of the important Syrian site and town of Hama. It presents the medieval architecture of the mound from the Arab conquest in 636 to 1401 when the citadel of Hama was destroyed by Timur Lenk. The excavations revealed that the early Islamic town was not as insignificant as previously believed. The periods of Hama's greatest strength were, however, the 12th and 13th centuries, when many different structures were built on the mound, such as a bath, mills and other industrial structures (among these a workshop for the production of grenades). Its fortifications mainly dated from the 12th century, although an older Byzantine wall was also found.

This study examines how in the dispute between Thukydides and Hellanikos, scholars have long taken it for granted that the preserved historian was right and the lost one mistaken, despite the fact that the Battle of Oinoe, for example, does not fit into the chronology of Thukydides. By restoring the dates recorded by Hellanikos, Schreiner asserts that a reliable chronology can be established. The first historian to record the period from the Persian Wars to 431 BC was Hellanikos, the author of the lost "History of Athens" from its mythical origins through the fifth century BC. He reported there was one war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 421 and another from 412 to 404, and that the first was caused by contemporary events of the 430s. Thukydides, writing a monograph on a war he sought to establish as the most disastrous to date, criticised Hellanikos as chronologically inaccurate and lacking an appreciation of the impact of a stronger Athens. Thukydides asserted that there was only one war, beginning in 431 and ending in 404, caused by the growth of Athens following the Persian Wars and the fear that growth inspired in Sparta. The book, in reviving the text of Hellanikos, should encourage scholars of antiquity and military history to re-evaluate their interpretations of the era.

The first modern account of the conflict between the eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian kingdom. Greatrex traces the background to the war, investigating relations between Rome and Persia, the state of Roman defences in the East, and the chaotic situation in Persia at the end of the 5th century. He then examines the sources and the war itself, including the development of Roman defences, and the attempts by both powers to secure control of the Transcaucasian kingdoms.

What was the relationship between city and country in the Roman Empire? The writings which have been preserved show an enormous empire, divided into "cells", each with a city at its centre. But the written sources are few, and focus mainly on the cities of Italy; they do not tell what life was like in the Roman provinces. Through systematic studies of the ancient landscape in Northern Tunisia, archaeologists have reconstructed the day-to-day history and economic activity of the rural population around the city of Segermes. Over 100 persons have been involved in this joint Danish-Tunisian project. The findings presented in these two volumes indicate that in Roman times, the valley was given over to intensive cultivation of wheat and olives, maintained at a high output level by means of extensive irrigation works. The population was dense and, surprisingly, reached its peak between 350 and 550 AD, a period of economic decline elsewhere in the Roman Empire.

As the waters of the Saddam Dam rose in 1984-5 the British Museum battled to record an important Late Assyrian site on the east bank of the Tigris. Part of a 7th-century BC building was uncovered. Specialist reports on the ceramics, bones and shells recovered provide further clues to daily life outside the Assyrian capital cities. Due to the fragmentary nature of the evidence recovered, this report lacks any real discussion of the significance of the site or the meaning of the evidence.

This volume presents maps and plates of the excavation area, together with additional material introduced in the previous seven volumes. German text.

Naukratis, the first city in Egypt where Greeks were permitted to settle and one of the major centres of the ancient world, is located in the West Nile Delta south of modern Alexandria, It was first excavated by Flinders Petrie in 1884; his discoveries indicated occupation from the Archaic Period to Late Antiquity. The limited extent of Petrie's excavations and the erosion of the site inspired the American Ancient Naukratis Project to start new fieldwork in 1980. This volume contains details of an intensive surface survey (with selective drill-sampling) of the area surrounding Petrie's trenches, which have become waterlogged. Intensive cataloguing of pottery and small find distribution allows full appreciation of the functional and chronological patterning of the larger site. An historical essay on the possible origins of Naukratis, a study of stamped amphora handles, a geological study and new studies of material from Petrie's original excavations are also included in this volume.

Landscape archaeology, a recent theoretical discovery in the west, has long been practised by eastern european scholars. This stimulating collection of papers ranges over the whole of central and eastern Europe and from the Neolithic to the early Medieval periods.

Since time immemorial, inhabitants of the Western Grasslands of Cameroon in west Africa have been evolving an educational system devoid of literacy. Teaching focused on traditional crafts, including weaving, stitching of traditional dress, carving, sculpture, pottery, smelting of materials and smithing. The skills the people learned served them well, as many of them followed trades, vocations and professions that helped in improving the social and economic life of the area. This book aims to document those crafts in order for the people of Cameroon to have a record of these skills which are gradually dying out and to encourage them to continue to practise these ancient crafts. Each craft is described in some detail; the areas it is practised in, materials used, techniques involved. Photographs document stages of production and examples of the end result.